https://www.rnz.co.nz/programmes/nau-mai-town/story/2018889375/nau-mai-town-episode-9-timaru

• The town's name has variations: Te Maru, preferred by the local iwi Kati Huirapa, and Te Tihi o Maru, briefly used in TV weather reports.
• "Timaru" translates to "sheltered cabbage tree" or "place of shelter" in English, while "Te Tihi o Maru" translates to "peak of Maru," associated with a local ancestor or the Māori god Tangaroa.
• Research on the true meanings and origins of these names is limited.
• Philip Howe, the Museum Director at South Canterbury Museum, notes that Māori place names often have inprecise meanings due to their age and the region's history of changing inhabitants.
• European settlers sometimes misunderstood and recorded Māori names according to their own dialects and interpretations.

- https://archive.org/details/gillespie-1958/Gillespie-1958/

BELOW is a GENERAL timeline - See Caroline Bay timeline (HPE #332190) for a full timeline
*** (T/L) - information copied from Caroline Bay Time Line put together from Timaru Herald extracts (or as stated) by Mark Denne.

1891 - Bathing sheds on bay. (T\L)
1892 - Sands of Caroline Bay extending. (T\L)
1897 - Top soil taken from railway cutting to be spread for grassed area on bay. (T\L)
1898 - Removal of clay bank between railway and Caroline Bay. (T\L)
1904 - Plants and Flax surviving on bay. (T\L)
1904, 23 Dec - Band Rotunda opened. (T\L)
1905, Nov - Tea Rooms opened. (T\L)
1905 - Bathing sheds on North Mole (mens) and on sands north of the tearooms.
1905 - 1000 shrubs planted on bay. (T\L)
1906 - Good progress on post and rail fence along esplanade donated by John Jackson (which replaces a barbed wire fence) (T\L)
1906 - Rustic fence erected on uppermost terrace bordering western end of bay, (T\L)
1910 - Ladies facilities north of the tearooms and caretakers cottage and west of where the pavillion is to be built.
1910, Oct - Lawn between road and invert to be used as car park with charge 1/- per car.
1911 - Caroline Bay Association formed.
1911, 14 Dec - Tender accepted for Piazza, (T\L)
1912, 15 Feb - First "Grand Carnival" held at Caroline Bay in conjunction with opening of Marine Parade.
1912, Feb - Piazza being built on the future site of the Sound Shell seating. (T\L); Swings and Seesaws on Bay now (T\L)
1912 - Big Merry-go-round on bay dismantled. (T\L)
1912 - Flag pole on bay on seaward side of band rotunda. (T\L)
1912 - Marine Parade opened (also known as North Mole) (T\L)
1912, Oct - Tennis Courts nearing completion. (T\L)
1913 - Bathing Sheds built, Bay Hill improved and the Tennis Courts built.
1913 - Pavillion built - handed over to public October 1913.
1915 - Clock on Band Rotunda. (T\L)
1915 - Childrens playground built.
1918 - Mobile bathings sheds sold off.
1918 - Caretaker instructed to plant Willow trees along main promenade.
1920, Jul - Hot saltwater baths nearing completion. (T/L)
1928 - Roads and Pathways sealed.
1929 - Memorial Wall erected and the lawn areas extended.
1930 - Memorial and Sundial added.
1931 - Tearooms constructed
1936 - Soundshell built.
1937 - Soundshell built replacing the old Band Rotunda.
1939 - The Aviary built.
1939 - Near the childrens play area south end of bay, trees and shrubs have been planted in a plot protected by broom shelters. Also a broom shelter built for sunbathers near bathing sheds.
1939 - Area on the seaward side of the Memorial Wall planted in lawn at the south end.
1941, May - NZD$500,000 given to the Patriotic Fund and the War Effort.
1941 - Bluestone 10 foot diameter "moon" seat recess being built south side of viaduct. 1955 - Bay Hall Extended.
1956 - Wishing well built above bay. (Bay Hill)
1957, Jan - Piazza being demolished for stadium seating.
1958 - Soundshell stadium seating built on the site of the original Piazza.
1962, Aug - Work starts on new paddling pool.
1963 - Skating Rink built.
1964 - Bathing sheds replaced; Paddling pool, water fountain and rock garden built.
1969 - Community Centre built.
1972 - Skating Rink shifted.
1981 - Old Aviary demolished and new one built.
1986 - Mini Golf course built.
1990 - Barbeque built
1992 - Entertainment Center built.
2000 - Purchased Copenhagen Cones and relocated to near the Mini Golf course, and built Petanque Courts next to Buzz Boats.

For as long as there have been people in the area, Caroline Bay has been a place for gathering.

It is a changing landscape influenced by both the city and the sea and the way our community uses it is continuously evolving too. From kai moana and whaling to shipping, concerts and fairs, it has served many generations in different ways. It is a place to be enjoyed by our community, a place where people can connect not just with each other but also with our local environment and history.

We are excited about the next chapter in the story of Caroline Bay, helping the area to be enjoyed by all of our community for many more generations to come.

View of Caroline Bay looking North across the carnival area, the playground to the left, the skate park to the center and the Pohatu Koko stream flowing to the sea. Photography by Chris Firkin. 

A space to connect and play

The CPlay playground upgrade is an opportunity to create a destination play area suitable for all ages and abilities.

The design will weave our local history into the playground and gathering areas, so that the community can also connect with the environment and history of our area.

A kai moana trail will represent the Pohatu-koko stream, that used to flow freely down to meet the ocean and is now piped below the playground. Benches along the trail will be modelled on Mōkihi, small inland boats used for fishing in estuaries, creeks and rivers.

A large shelter sponsored by the Timaru Suburban Lions will form a central gathering place, with a largescale image of local rock art. The rock art could has inspried us to share one of the creation stories of our area, the ancestral waka Ārai-te-uru that capsized near Moeraki and shaped the coastline, foothills and alps.

The playground equipment will also reflect the maritime history of the area: a lighthouse will reflect the prominent landmark that still stands on our shoreline today; and a shipwreck will represent the area’s notorious history as a treacherous stretch of coast with a reputation as a ship graveyard.

View north up the Timaru District coastline showing an interruption by the Timaru basalt formation. It forms the first hill south of the Canterbury Plains where Timaru's Hilton Highway ends (named after Timaru's first woman Mayor of Timaru City 1959-62). Photography courtesy of Geoff Cloake 2012.

The sandy beach at Caroline Bay is an area of reclaimed land, shaped since the 1880s by currents and the city’s changing coastline.

A volcanic reef shapes the natural harbour, wetlands and coastline of Te Tihi-o-Maru Timaru. It was formed over 2 million years ago, when lava flowed like fingers down sloping plains to the coast, helping to shape the terrain of Kā Poupou-a-Rakihouia (the South Canterbury coastline) as it is today.

Over time, the coast and shoreline has continued to change and evolve. 200 years ago, the sea directly met the rocky shoreline and loess cliffs along Timaru’s coast. Pohatu-koko Stream ran from the bottom of what is now the bottom of Wai-iti Road to the sea. Wetlands and coarse gravel beaches eventually gave way to a new sandy shore, and the Pohatu-koko Stream is now underground, piped beneath the current playground to the sea.

The construction of the Timaru Port breakwater in the 1880s changed the shape of the bay, and in doing so interrupted the flow of sediment up the coastline. Tides ground the gravel to sand, which then swept into the bay forming the sandy beach we know now. The changing shape of the coast also accelerated coastal erosion further north, affecting Waimataitai Lagoon (now Ashbury Park) and Waitarakao Washdyke Lagoon. 

Title: Geological map of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand by Julius von Haast, P.H.D., F.R.S., principal geologist.
Date: [ca. 1866]
Physical Description: The Alexander Turnbull Library holds a CT scan.
Scale etc: Scale [1:1,000,000].
File Reference: ATLMAPS ATL-Acc-3233
Other Reference: MapColl 834.4caq/[ca.1866]/Acc. 3233

View enlargable version (with Zoomify)

Lava once flowed from somewhere west of Claremont (Wapouri / Mount Horrible) down a gentle sloping plain. The sea was probably nowhere near the erupting lava but has advanced occasionally, eroding the basalt and helping to form the current coastline. Diagram courtesy of Geoff Cloake.

The Timaru loess cliff is an important geological feature located in Timaru, New Zealand. The cliff is made up of loess, a windblown sediment that was deposited during the last ice age. The loess is over 20 meters thick in some places and is one of the thickest and most extensive deposits of its kind in the world. The history of the loess cliff can be traced back to around 20,000 years ago when the Canterbury Plains were covered in glaciers. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind a layer of gravel and sand. Strong winds blowing across the plains then picked up the fine sediment and deposited it on the leeward side of hills and mountains, forming the loess cliffs. The characteristics of the loess layers, such as thickness, grain size, and mineral content, can provide information about past wind and climate conditions. This information can also be used to develop models to predict future climate change and its potential impacts.

John Hardcastle was a amateur geographer who worked at the Timaru Herald. He conducted extensive studies in Timaru, New Zealand. His research focused on the geography, geology, and geomorphology of the region, with a particular emphasis on the loess cliffs of Timaru. His study of stratigraphic features of loess deposits provides information about past climates and can give an indication about what to expect in the future. In addition to his work on the loess cliffs, Hardcastle also conducted studies on the rivers and drainage patterns in the region, as well as the agricultural and land use practices of local farmers. His research helped to deepen our understanding of the physical and cultural landscape of Timaru and its surrounding areas.  In 1991 scientists from all over the world met in Beijing to discuss the work of John Hardcastle – in particular his discovery of the geological relationship between loess deposits and climates of past years.

The loess (looks like clay) has layered over time. And gives us a record of changes in our local climate.

ABOVE LEFT: Distribution of Late Pleistocene Loess. You can see that Timaru has a "very thick" layer. Loess Section exposed at Dashing Rocks, Timaru.
ABOVE RIGHT: Four loess layers overlie the eroded surface of the Timaru Basalt. - Nature and distribution of loess in Canterbury, New Zealand This is sediment that has been blown here, is dust from glacial carving periods.

Dashing Rocks is a volcanic rock headland topped with a loess cliff. Loess is wind-blown silt from the mountains that was deposited 9000-11,000 years ago as the glaciers from the last ice-age began disappearing.’ John Hardcastle was an amateur geologist who made an internationally significant climate change contribution by studying Timaru's coastal cliffs, which revealed past climate changes.

Looking in a northerly direction down from a terrace towards Caroline Bay. The beach and a large low building are in the middle distance. The Southern Alps are in the background.- Barton, Cranleigh Harper, 1890-1975 A-227-335/349: Barton, Cranleigh Harper 1890-1975 :[Scenes from Geraldine to Oamaru] [ca 1950?]

View of township looking across water to foreshore with Southern Alps in background.  Pencil and watercolour (A-157-018) by Arthur Lagden Haylock (1860-1948) c1878. Arthur probably created this when he worked in Timaru as a cadet in the Lands Office. Courtesy of Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

Basalt was quarried from lava that flowed from Wapouri / Mount Horrible.It was positioned along the Caroline Bay and Benvenue Cliffs to reduce the erosion. 

The basalt at Dashing Rocks flowed here from Wapouri / Mount Horrible.

The CPlay team were inspired by the local geology to create an obstical course themed on lava. Features 4m catch the flag, 3m ninja wall, double sided triple rockwall, 3m ninga finger wall, horizontal totem pole, and an up and over climbing net. A fitness area has also been designed to help people build their fitness, co-ordination and strength.

1. Physical development: This obstacle course has been designed to challenge kids and adults physically, requiring them to run, jump, crawl, climb, balance, and perform other movements that improve physical fitness, coordination, and motor skills. 

2. Mental development: People can problem-solve, strategize, and use critical thinking skills to navigate through the course. This can help develop mental resilience and adaptability.

3. Emotional development: Overcoming obstacles can give people a sense of accomplishment, which can improve self-esteem and confidence. It can also help develop resilience and the ability to manage stress and anxiety.

4. Social development: Obstacle courses can be done individually or as a team, encouraging individuals to work together, communicate effectively, and build social skills. There are two sides that are the same, so people can race each other, cross over and run back down the course. They can race up the flag pole and catch the flag to win.

The meaning and function of Māori rock art has been lost over time. CPlay was inspired by this image to tell the legend of the Ārai-te-uru waka within the playground design.  Photograph by Geoff Cloake. Image used with the permission from Te Ana Ngāi Tahu Māori Rock Art Centre and Te Rūnanga o Moeraki.

Māori have many stories and traditions about how the world was created. These stories are so strong that they can influence all aspects of life and expressions of culture.

Te Tai-o-Ārai-te-uru (the Otago coastline) was named after an ancestral waka atua (canoe of the gods) that is said to have foundered here in a storm on its return voyage from Hawaiiki. The Ārai-te-uru waka sailed past Timaru, down the coast and was capsized at Matakaea (Shag Point) near Moeraki. Some of its kaihinaki (food baskets) and water gourds were washed overboard at Te Kaihinaki (Hampden Beach), where they were preserved in stone as the famous Moeraki boulders.

Many of the passengers went ashore to explore the land, including Kirikirikatata who carried his grandson, Aoraki, on his shoulders. They needed to be back at the waka before daybreak, but many of them did not make it. These passengers were then trapped ashore, and instead turned into the landmarks of Te Waipounamu. 

The Mount Cook Range takes the name of Kirikirikatata, with Aoraki sitting slightly further north – on his grandfather’s shoulders. Passengers Pātītī (Patiti Point) and Tarahaoa and Hua-te-kerekere (Big Mount Peel and Little Mount Peel) were among others that became the hills and coastline of the area. 

Early Māori in the area included Waitaha, Rapuwai and Käti Mamoe. They later merged into Ngāi Tahu, and Arowhenua is now the local marae.

There are over 500 rock art images nearby created by early Māori. The meaning and function of Māori rock art has been lost over time, so we are left as viewers to interpret the art. Some of these drawings could depict waka and mōkihi used to journey the sea and rivers.

At Te Ana Ngāi Tahu Māori Rock Art you can see an original piece of rock art from the Takiroa Rock Art Site at Kurow-Duntroon. CPlay was inspired by this image to tell the legend of the Ārai-te-uru waka within the playground design.

Māori rock art removed from Takiroa, Waitaki Valley, in the takiwā of Te Rūnanga o Moeraki". Photograph by Geoff Cloake. Image used with the permission of Te Rūnanga o Moeraki

On an ancient pathway, this is Takiroa, Waitaki Valley. Takiroa is a significant landmark in the tradition of Kāi Tahu Whānui.

This rock shelter lies on an ara tawhito (ancient pathway) following the Waitaki River from the mountains to the sea. The headwaters of the Waitaki River are fed from Kā Roimata o Aoraki - the tears of Aoraki - the ancestral mountain of Kāi Tahu Whānui. Takiroa is a physical reminder of the ancestors who have passed through this landscape. It provided shelter, sustenance, and guidance to them and was and still is a place to share knowledge, a place to learn from, and a repository of people and treasures from the past. - whitestonegeopark/takiroa

A tall cliff to the right, with a rock shelter running along its length at the bottom. A European man is standing in front of the rock shelter, possibly alongside a fire Takiroa is a rock shelter at Waitaki, used by Maori.  - Mantell, Walter Baldock Durrant, 1820-1895 :Takiroa caves looking N. to Punaamokatore across the rise. 15 December [1851]. Ref: E-332-022. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22893746

Te Tihi-o-Maru: This is the original Māori name for Timaru, which means "the summit of Maru". Maru is a Māori deity associated with war and agriculture. Others have suggested that the name derives from te maru - 'place of shelter' or from tī, 'cabbage tree' and maru - 'shady'.

"Patiti Point" 

"Pātītī Point is located on the South Canterbury coastline at Timaru. Pātītī was a passenger on the Ārai-te-uru waka, which capsized off Matakaea on the North Otago Coastline. After the capsize, many of the passengers went ashore to explore the land. However, they needed to be back at the waka before daylight. Most did not make it, including Pātītī, and instead were transformed into many of the well-known landmarks of Te Waipounamu. In 1880, Hoani Kāhu from Arowhenua described Pātītī as “he kāinga nohoanga, mahinga kai, and he tauraka a waka”. - kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas

Huatekerekere "Little Mt Peel" 

"Huatekerekere (Little Mount Peel) is a mountain in the Tarahaoa Range. Huatekerekere was the wife of Tarahaoa, and both were passengers on the Ārai-te-uru waka that capsized off Matakaea (Shag Point) on the Otago coastline. After capsizing, many of the passengers went ashore to explore the land, however they needed to be back at the waka before daylight. Most of the passengers, including Huatekerekere, did not return to the waka in time, and instead transformed into many of the well-known geographical features of Te Waipounamu. Huatekerekere transformed into the mountain that can now be seen in the Tarahaoa Range”. - kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas

Tarahaoa "Mt Peel"

"Tarahaoa (Mount Peel) is the prominent mountain overlooking the Rangitata River in South Canterbury. Tarahaoa was a passenger on the Ārai-te-uru waka that capsized off Matakaea (Shag Point) on the Otago coastline. After the capsize, many of the passengers went ashore to explore the land, including Tarahaoa and his wife Huatekerekere. They were accompanied by their son and daughter, Kirikirikatata and Aroarokaehe. All the passengers needed to be back at the waka before daylight. However, most did not make it, and instead transformed into many of the well-known landmarks of Te Waipounamu. Tarahaoa and Huatekerekere transformed into the mountains now also known as Mount Peel and Little Mount Peel. Their children, Kirikirikatata and Aroarokaehe, are now represented by two large trees in Peel Forest. The local Kāi Tahu hapū of Kāti Huirapa, centered at Arowhenua, strongly identify with the mountain, often referring to Tarahaoa as their principal mountain. When the Arowhenua Native School (now the Arowhenua Māori School) was opened in 1895, the name Tarahaoa was given to the building. This building Tarahaoa, still stands in the south-western corner of the school grounds, next to Arowhenua Marae.” - kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas 

Kirikirikatata "Kirikirikatata / Mount Cook Range"

"Kirikirikatata is the Māori name for the Mount Cook Range. Kirikirikatata was a passenger on the Ārai-te-uru waka that crashed near Matakaea (Shag Point) on the Otago coastline. After the capsize, many of the passengers went ashore to explore the land, including Kirikirikatata, who carried his grandson, Aoraki, on his shoulders. The passengers needed to be back at the waka before daylight. However, most did not make it, including Kirikirikatata and Aoraki. They instead turned into many of the well-known geographical features of Te Waipounamu. Kirikirikatata transformed into the mountain known today as the Mount Cook Range. Aoraki remained on his grandfather’s shoulders, and transformed into the mountain known as Aoraki/Mount Cook.” - kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas 

Aoraki "Aoraki / Mount Cook"

"Aoraki (Mount Cook) is at the centre of the Ngāi Tahu creation traditions of Te Waipounamu. There are two specific traditions referring to Aoraki. In the first account Aoraki was an atua (demi-god) who arrived from the heavens with his three brothers. The return voyage went drastically wrong, and the waka crashed into Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa (the Pacific Ocean), forming what would later be known as the South Island (its earliest name being “Te Waka-o-Aoraki”). Aoraki and his brothers climbed to the highest side of the waka where they turned into the highest peaks of Kā Tiritiri-o-te-moana (the Southern Alps). In the second account Aoraki was a passenger on the Ārai-te-uru waka that crashed on the Otago coastline. After capsizing, many of the passengers went ashore to explore the land, including Kirikirikatata who carried his grandson, Aoraki, on his shoulders. The passengers needed to be back at the waka before daylight. However, most did not make it, and instead turned into many of the well-known landmarks of Te Waipounamu.” - kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas

Matakaea "Shag Point / Matakaea"

"Matakaea (Shag Point), located immediately north of the Waihemo (Shag River) on the Otago coastline, is where the famed Ārai-te-uru waka capsized. The Ārai-te-uru waka came from the ancient homeland of Hawaiki, bringing kūmara to Aotearoa. After reaching Te Ika-a-Māui (North Island), the waka then travelled down the east coast of Te Waipounamu. The journey was reasonably smooth until the waka encountered heavy seas at the Waitaki River mouth. Here the round food-baskets and water-carrying gourds were lost overboard forming the Moeraki boulders; the waka then continued down the coast before capsizing at Matakaea. Many of the passengers went ashore to explore the land, but did not return to the waka before daylight, and instead turned into many of the well-known geographical features of Te Waipounamu. Respected southern Ngāi Tahu leader Rāwiri Te Mamaru described in his evidence to the 1879 Smith-Nairn Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Ngāi Tahu land claims that Matakaea is a rae (headland), kāinga nohoanga (settlement), pā (fortified settlement), and kāinga mahinga kai (food-gathering place).” - kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas

Reproduction of the rock art to go inside the shelter. It can connect and share creation stories of the Caroline Bay and wider area. Some say this is image represents the ancestral waka Te Tai-o-Ārai-te-uru that sailed past and wrecked near Moraki. Passengers turned into landmarks we see around us at Caroline Bay.

Thank you to Francine Spencer who is our cultural advisor and on the Cplay Design Team for making this special reproduction possible.

Conceptual plan by Rushton Architects for the Timaru Suburban Lions Shelter project.

Mt Cook and part of Hooker Glacier from the back of Hermitage, circa 1909, Timaru, by William Ferrier. Te Papa (O.051455)

Timaru Herald Advertising Supplement: Focus On Aoraki. Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 12/09/2024, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/3338

Maori legend tells of the coming to the South Island of the canoe Araiteuru which was wrecked at Matakaea (Shag Point). Some of the canoe occupants explored inland and, as the first rays of sun caught the party at dawn, they were turned to stone. A young boy, Aoraki, sitting on the shoulders of his grandfather, became the highest p~ak of the land.
Today Aorakl - given the European name of Mount Cook by Captain J. L. Stokes in 1851 to honour the English navigator Captain James Cook - is the spectacular centrepiece of a national park formed to "preserve forever a magnificent and unique mountain area in its intrinsic worth and for the benefit and enjoyment of all people".

The nucleus of the park was set aside as recreation reserves in 1885 and 1887 but it was not formally gazetted as a national park until 1953.

The park now encompasses 70,011 hectares including 65 kilometers of the :, southern Alps and the longest glacier in New Zealand.

Superb scenery The superb alpine scenery was formed by a combination of uplift and erosion. The Pacific and Indian-Australian plates, moving in relation to one another, have a boundary known as the Alpine Fault located on the western side of the Southern Alps.

Rapid mountain building on the eastern side of this fault line began about two million years ago and uplift is still about 10mm a year.

However, the erosive forces of snow, ice, water, and climatic extremes, especially during the various glacial periods, have kept in parallel with the uplift creating the present rugged and spectacular landscape.

All but five of the 27 peaks in New Zealand over 3000 meters are within the park and altogether there. are more than 140 peaks over 2000 meters in the region. At 3764 metres Mount Cook is New Zealand's tallest peak. The first attempt to climb it was made in 1882 by an Irishman, the Reverend W. S. Green, and two Swiss guides. His party got to within 200 meters o the top and it was not until 1894 that the summit was reached by three New Zealanders - Tom Fyfe, Jack Clarke, and George Granam.

The mountain has been a magnet to climbers ever since and the f ark today is recognized as one o the finest mountaineer in areas in . the world with climbing for both the experienced and the novice.

"Te Moana-nui-ā-Kiwa, the Pacific Ocean, was one of the last areas of the earth to be explored and settled by human beings. It was only around 3000 years ago that people began heading eastwards from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands further into the Pacific. Great skill and courage was needed to sail across vast stretches of open sea. Between 1100 and 800 BCE these voyagers spread to Fiji and West Polynesia, including Tonga and Samoa. Around 1000 years ago people began to inhabit the central East Polynesian archipelagos, settling the closest first." - https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/encounters/polynesian-voyaging

'Sketch of double-hulled waka', URL: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/sketch-double-hulled-waka, (Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 26-Feb-2019

This double canoe was sketched off the New Zealand coast in 1769 by Herman Spöring. It has a double spritsail rig and appears to be made from two canoes of different length and design lashed together. Archaeologist Atholl Anderson argues that the double spritsail was the most likely type of sailing rig used by the Polynesian voyagers who reached New Zealand in the 13th century.

Mahinga kai/mahika kai is about the value of natural resources that sustain life, including the life of people. It is important to manage and protect these resources, in the same way that ancestors have done before us. For Ngāi Tahu, it is critical to manage these resources to allow people to continue gathering kai (food) in the way the ancestors did, and about mana and manaakitanga - the ability to welcome and host visitors by providing bountiful produce, as a demonstration of hospitality and respect.  These things are the essence of kaitiakitanga, or what many people today call guardianship. This practice remains a foundation of Ngāi Tahu values today, although it has become increasingly difficult as sites, species, and habitats are lost, degraded, or compromised. - ecan.govt.nz/mahinga-kai

'Te toto o te tangata, he kai; te oranga o te tangata, he whenua' - Food supplies the blood of the people; their welfare depends on the land

Mahinga kai/mahika kai literally means 'to work the food' and relates to the traditional value of food resources and their ecosystems, as well as the practices involved in producing, procuring, and protecting these resources.

Mahika kai literally means 'to work the food' and relates to the traditional value of food resources and their ecosystems, as well as the practices involved in producing, procuring, and protecting these resources. LEFT Tuna (eel) on display at the South Canterbury Museum. RIGHT Mōkihi display at Te Ana Ngāi Tahu Māori Rock Art Centre.

The coastline was abundant in marine life and offered bountiful mahika kai (food resources) for local Māori. There was an abundance of fish and shellfish on the reefs, plenty of sea birds, eggs and seal pups on the coast and tuna (eels), waterfowl and freshwater fish in the estuaries and rivers. Tuna (eel) and inaka (whitebait) patete (fish), and kōareare (the edible rhizome of raupō/bullrushes) were also important staples of the area.

Travel by sea was common and much faster than travelling by land. Many settlements were within sight of each other and only hours away in settled weather by waka (canoe) or the double-hulled waka hunua. Trading of food and resources between villages up and down the coast was an important part of the economy. Pounamu (greenstone) and titi (sooty shearwaters /muttonbirds) were sent north to trade in return for kūmara, taro, stone and carvings.

Rivers were like highways inland. Tākata whenua (local people) foraged inland for weka, ducks, harakeke (flax), aruhe (fern root/bracken) and tī kōuka (cabbage tree) and lowland forests provided a wide range of timber and forest birds.

Southern Māori developed a special vessel to navigate the fast-flowing braided rivers: the mōkihi. Made from bundled raupō (bullrushes) or kōrari (the flower stakes of the harakeke flax bush). They were lightweight, sturdy and could be made on the spot to guide down the river carrying heavy loads. The largest mōkihi could carry up to half a tonne in weight.

It was a long trek from the coast to the inland lakes and mountains, but mōkihi could make the return journey in a single day. Because there was no way to bring them back up-river they were often used just once. If they were to cross a river, there were left in a dry spot for the next party to use.

Local Māori communities have faced massive changes over the past 150 years as a result of European settlement, including loss of traditional food resources especially as the coastline changed and the city expanded.

Learn more here

Imagine how challenging it was to cross the rivers in South Canterbury before ferry's and bridges were constructed. The first bridge across the Rangitata, built in 1872 was 1,100 feet of wrought iron trusses resting on cast iron cylinders. The northern approach was washed out in 1878 and 800 feet of timber trusses were added. Imagine crossing the Rangitata River before the bride was built. Rangatata Traffic Bridge. From the album: Scenes of New Zealand, circa 1880, Timaru, by Messrs. F. Bradley & Co. Te Papa (O.042416) Read an article about this in the Timaru Herald.

Rangatata Traffic Bridge. From the album: Scenes of New Zealand, circa 1880, Timaru, by Messrs. F. Bradley & Co. Te Papa (O.042416)

 Traffic Bridge, Temuka, 1912, Temuka, by Muir & Moodie. Te Papa (O.001799)

Ferry at Lake Pukaki ca 1880s - 1890s - PAColl-4746: Woodhouse, Airini Elizabeth, 1896-1989: Photographs of Timaru - Tiaki Reference Number: 1/2-031042-F

Mōkihi are among the few human-made objects to be depicted in southern rock art. Mōkihi display at Te Ana Ngāi Tahu Māori Rock Art Centre.

The Playground Center tweaked there see-saw design so it felt like people were using a mokihi. The see saw is 4m long. You can walk along the net, as it gently rocks. Features steel frame and the herules cable construction. 

The Mahika Kai stories have inspired a play space for our under 5 year olds. With a bespoke whare meeting house designed by CPlay design team and architect John Rushton.

Frangapani detail to represent pacifica people, and the tuna eels journey to the Kermadec Trench, (submarine trench in the floor of the South Pacific Ocean) where the Tuna continue their life cycle to lay eggs.

Timaru

"Timaru was an integral component of the extensive Ngāi Tahu network of kāinga nohoanga (settlement) and kāinga mahinga kai (food-gathering places) located throughout South Canterbury. Situated south of the prominent Te Waiateruati pā, Hoani Kahu from Arowhenua described Timaru as 'he pā nō mua, he kāinga nohoaka tūturu, he tūahu tapu, he urupā tūpapa, and he tauranga waka.' The foods gathered at Timaru included ika (fish), makō (shark), hāpuku (groper), pipi, pāua, kina, and kaeo." - kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas

Waitarakao "Washdyke Lagoon"

"Waitarakao (Washdyke Lagoon) is the brackish shallow coastal lagoon south of Tīmaru on Kā Poupou-a-Rakihouia (the South Canterbury coastline). Waitarakao was a renowned kāinga mahinga kai (food-gathering area) for local Ngāi Tahu, with foods gathered there including tuna (eels), inaka (whitebait), patete (fish), and kōareare (the edible rhizome of raupō). Hoani Kāhu from Arowhenua described Waitarakao as an example of where a significant mahinga kai resource has been degraded." - kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas

Waimātaitai

"Waimātaitai was a hāpua (lagoon) situated near the Tīmaru foreshore, renowned as an important source of mahinga kai. In 1880 Hoani Kāhu from Arowhenua described Waimātaitai as “e rauiri” (an eel weir) where tuna (eel) and inaka (whitebait) were gathered. This saltwater lagoon was eventually lost in 1933 due to changes in sediment drift caused by the creation of the Port of Tīmaru." - kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas

These are some of the plants and animals in the Caroline Bay area that are Taonga (treasures) because, they are central to the identity and well being of many Māori. They also have an important role in healthy eco-systems.

 The harbour coastal waters are of strong cultural value to Te Rūnanga O Ngāi Tahu. Te Rūnanga O Ngāi Tahu

Common Name / Maori Name - Scientific Name

Antarctic Skua / Hākoakoa - Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi
Australian Magpie / Makipai - Gymnorhina tibicen
Black Backed Gull / Karoro
Brown Booby - Sula leucogaster
Broadbilled Prion / Pararā - Pachyptila vittata
Bittern / Matuku Hūrepo - Botaurus poiciloptilus
Californian Quail / Tikaokao - Callipepla californica 
Little blue penguin / Kororā - Eudyptula minor
Mute Swan / Wāna - Cygnus olor
North Island Brown Kiwi / Kiwi-nui / Apteryx mantelli
Sacred Kingfisher / Kōtare - Todiramphus sanctus 
Salvin’s Mollymawk / Toroa - Thalassarche salvini
Spotted Shag / Parekareka / Kawau / tikitiki - Phalacrocorax punctatus
Shinning Cuckoo / Pīwīwharauroa - Chrysococcyx lucidus
Marsh Crake / Koitareke - Porzana pusilla affinis
Nanking Night Heron / Umu kōtuku - Nycticorax caledonicus
Pukeko/Swamp hen / Pukeko - Porphyrio melanotus
Rhode Island Red Rooster / Heihei - Gallus gallus domesticus
White Fronted Turn / Tara - Sterna striata

Tuna - eel

Tuna is a generic Māori word for freshwater eels. Māori have over 100 names for eels.

They live: in lakes and rivers connected to the sea.
They eat: small insects larvae, snails, midges and crustaceans. As their mouths get bigger, they can eat kōura (freshwater crayfish), fish, small birds and rats. When scared they bite!
Did you know: they are the largest fish in Aotearoa freshwaters

There are three tuna eel species in NZ: The longfin eel, known as tuna, is one of the largest eels in the world.
LONGFIN EEL: (Anguilla dieffenbachii) Max size: 2m, 25kg
SHORTFIN EEL: (Anguilla australis) Max size: 1.1 metre, 3kg
AUSTRALIAN LONGFIN EEL: (Anguilla reinhardtii), Max size: 2 metres, 21kg

They are a taonga species: central to the identity and well being of many Māori and are a significant mahinga kai (food).

Traditional knowledge

Tuna is a generic Māori word for freshwater eels; however, but there are a multitude of names that relate variously to tribal origins, appearance, coloration, season of the year, eel size, eel behavior, locality, and capture method. Tuna are arguably one of the most important mahinga kai resources for Māori. They were abundant, easily caught, and highly nutritious. Tuna were especially important in southern New Zealand, where it was too cold to grow some crop foods. Some tuna were considered sacred, and on occasion large eels were fed and noted to be treated as gods.

Many methods were used to take tuna - a common method for capturing adult tuna was using baited hīnaki, while juvenile tuna were taken on their upstream migration in bunches of fern. Tuna were often stored live in large pots for later consumption or hung to dry.

Tuna or freshwater eels are a very significant, widely-valued, heavily-exploited, culturally iconic mahinga kai resource. Although there are many stories and legends of tuna spawning in freshwater, what is certain is that all freshwater eels spawn at sea. Adult freshwater (living in streams, lakes, wetlands) can live up to 100 year old. They feed on insects, snails, fish, and even birds. Female tuna can reach 2 meters long. They leave their home and migrate thousands of kilometres from the fresh water to the sea water into the Pacific Ocean to release eggs and sperm in a process called spawning. Their eggs hatch far in the South Pacific Ocean near Tonga. They are very small and can only be seen using a microscope. The fertilised eggs then develop into larvae called leptocephali, which travel back to New Zealand drifting via ocean currents over 9-12 months and eventually arrive in New Zealand. Eels then enter our rivers as small juveniles that are known as glass eels. They are about 60-75 mm long. After several weeks in the fresh water the darken an become known as an elver. They migrate upstream during the summer. They are able to climb obstacles until they get to 120mm length.  - niwa.co.nz/life-cycle

ABOVE: Map of the pacific ocean and "ring of fire" showing the edge of the techtonic plate that forms the Alpine Fault line in New Zealand, and the Kermadec and Tonga Trench's. The Kermadec Trench is one of Earth's deepest oceanic trenches. Every year, a proportion of eels mature and migrate to sea to spawn. Downstream migrations normally occur at night during the dark phases of the moon, and are often triggered by high rainfall and floods.  National Geographic

Location of archival pop-up tags ascent locations on four longfin eels tagged and released from south of Christchurch. The tags were programmed to release from each eel at a different time. Once the tags came up to the ocean surface they sent all of the data they had been collecting via satellite to NIWA scientists eagerly awaiting the results. Credit: Don Jellyman

'Ka hāhā te tuna ki te roto; ka hāhā te reo ke te kaika; ka hāhā te takata ki te whenua' - If there is no tuna (eels) in the lake; there will be no language or culture resounding in the home; and no people on the land; however, if there are tuna in the lake; language and culture will thrive; and the people will live proudly on the land - Nā Charisma Rangipuna i tuhi 

 They are legendary climbers and have penetrated well inland in most river systems, even those with natural barriers. 

Elver eels wiggling their way into Lake Opuha via the Elver Bypass 2023. Photo's Supplied by Opuha Water Limited (OWL)

Elver bypasses on the Opuha Dam infrastructure ensure tuna/eels can continue their migration up the Opuha River into Lake Opuha. Here you can see little Elver (juvenile tuna/eels) at the Opuha Dam. They wiggle their way up the elver bypass, a special pipe which runs up the side of the 50m high dam from the Opuha River, and drops down the other side into the lake.

Elvers migrate upstream, typically between late November and early March, when temperatures reach about 16°C. They are able to climb damp vertical surfaces until they are about 12 cm long, at which size they are too heavy to stick using surface tension.
Most high dams in New Zealand are now equipped with bypasses, eel ladders and/or have trap and transfer operations. What is reasonably uncommon in NZ is monitoring to understand the effectiveness of the bypasses. To help fill this gap in knowledge, Opuha Water Ltd (OWL) are currently doing some small modifications to the elver bypass boxes to enable their team to temporarily catch and count how many elver are going into the lake.
OWL doesn't have a mechanism to provide for adult tuna to migrate downstream but are actively pursuing opportunities to establish a trap and transfer programme, whereby adult eel are netted and transferred downstream below the dam where they can then migrate out to sea.

Above: The Lake Opuha Dam was built in the late 1990's. Lake Opuha is a 700 hectare man-made lake, built as an irrigation reservoir as an infrastructure project undertaken by the community of South Canterbury. The Opuha Dam, (where the North and South Opuha Rivers meet near Fairlie), also generates electricity before water flows on to meet the Opihi River further down stream.
As well as the increased value of the farms and the farming activities, the reliable irrigation has provides growth for various vegetable processing exporting operations in Washdyke and has supported the growth of the massive dairy processing facility at nearby Clandeboye.
The 7MW power station contributes to the local electricity network and the revenue from the electricity sales accounts for approximately half of the company’s income.

In this map you can see the Waimataitai Lagoon before it was drained and turned into a park. The stream was piped underground and can be seen at the golf course. Miscellaneous Plans - Borough of Timaru, South Canterbury, 1911 - T.N. Brodrick, Chief Surveyor Canterbury  ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/IE31423732

Above you can see the stream that runs past Timaru Top 10 Holiday Park. This runs under Ashbury Park to sea. The park used to be a large tuna weir. "Waimātaitai was a hāpua (lagoon) renowned as an important source of mahinga kai. In 1880 Hoani Kāhu from Arowhenua described Waimātaitai as “e rauiri” (an eel weir) where tuna (eel) and inaka (whitebait) were gathered. This saltwater lagoon was eventually lost in 1933 due to changes in sediment drift caused by the creation of the Port of Tīmaru." - kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas

What was once a lagoon, is now Ashbury Park. Aerial view of Timaru, showing Caroline Bay, harbour and town between 1920 and 1939. - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections FDM-0690-G

This 1874 sketch is from Benvenue Cliffs looking to Dashing rocks. You can see the spit that used to be here and the lagoon on the left. Eliot was here taking measurements to draw the Harbour construction plans. After the breakwater was started in 1878, it was noticed that the shingle bank was being eroded. In the early 1800s, basalt rock was brought in to protect the bank and the rail way behind it. By the 1820s the lagoon was under threat, it was filled in and by 1935 the Waimataitai Lagoon was gone.
- Eliot, Whately. 1874, Near Timaru, N.Z., Sept. 23, 1874 , viewed 27 April 2023 http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-138582026

Te Waipounamu and Mahinga Kai

The South Island of Aotearoa New Zealand, known as Te Waipounamu (the pounamu waters), has carried various names, including "Middle Island," Te Waka ā Māui (Māui’s canoe), and Te Waka ō Aoraki (Aoraki's capsized canoe, forming the Southern Alps).

Compared to the warmer North Island, Te Waipounamu’s rugged, mountainous landscape made permanent inland habitation challenging, with most settlements located along coasts, rivers, and lakes. Plant cultivation, like kūmara, was rare due to the colder climate, though kūmara pits were recorded near Temuka. Life here relied heavily on mahinga kai—the practice of hunting and gathering food across large areas, with people moving seasonally between camps.

Many of the stories told relate historical figures to the places they settled and the resources that they found there that attracted them to these sites such as Rāpaki and Te Rakiwhakaputa. Te Waipounamu was an attractive destination for successive migrations of whānau and hapū groups who came from the north to utilise the resources to be found there. The rich abundance of birds, fish, sea mammals, eels and shellfish sustained these settlements with each district having its own specialties:

• Kaikōura – Kakapō, Karaka, Kōura
• Kaiapoi – Weka, Kūmara, Taiwhatiwhati (Tuatua)
• Whakaraupō – Pīoke (Sand shark)
• Waihora & Wairewa – Pātiki (Flounder), Tuna (Eels), Pūtakitaki (Paradise ducks)
• Horomaka – Kererū, Pāua, Kina
• Arowhenua – Tī Kaurū (from Tī Kōuka)
• Ōtākou – Tuaki (Cockles)
• Murihiku – Kanakana (Blind eels)
• Rakaia River – Moa
• Rakiura – Tītī (Muttonbirds)

These foods were often stored and transported in pōhā (kelp bags). Kaiapoi Pā, named by Tūrakautahi as Kai-a-poi (to "swing food in"), became a key trade hub where hapū exchanged regional delicacies and sought-after pounamu (greenstone).

Archaeological sites near Pegasus, known as Te Kohaka o Kaikai a Waro, reveal extensive pounamu working areas, highlighting the importance of greenstone manufacture and trade throughout Te Waipounamu.

Title: Sketch of Middle Island (New Zealand) shewing the East Coast as laid down by Captn. Stokes.
Date: 1850
Physical Description: 1 map : colour ; 33 x 32 cm.
File Reference: CCLMaps 440866-2

Title: Middle Island : sketch of country to northward of the great southern plain, from examination and information, collected chiefly from Natives.
Date: 1850
Physical Description: 1 map : colour ; 44 x 53 cm.
Scale etc: Scale [ca. 1:422,400].
File Reference: CCLMaps 440868-1

Tuna / eels in the steam that runs beside the holiday park. This stream connects to a underground drain under Ashbury Park, Waimataitai Beach. Photo Supplied by Timaru Top 10 Holiday Park

Niwa has published an climate report "Understanding Taonga Freshwater Fish Populations in Aotearoa-New Zealand"  here: https://waimaori.maori.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Understanding-Taonga-Freshwater-Fish-Populations-in-Aotearoa-New-Zealand.pdf

Tī kōuka - cabbage tree

Tī kōuka (Cordyline Australis) can grow to be 20m tall with a skinny trunk and sword like leaves. They are so resilient, that they are often the last indigenous plant to persist within cleared land. 

Did you know: They were a significant food source for early Māori and provided a fibre resource prized for its strength. A good stand of trees is known as a para–kauru, with kauru being the name given to the food processed from the cabbage tree. They are also used for Rongoa (Medicine).

Super power: The fibre doesn’t shrink in water and is super strong and is used for making rope, kete baskets, clothing. 
They help the eco system by: using strong root systems to helps stop soil erosion and tolerate wet soil.
They are a taonga species: central to the identity and well being of many Māori and are a important as food, fibre and medicine.

Kina - sea egg - urchin

They look: like a rolled up hedgehog and am the largest of our native urchins.
They live: around coastal reefs - 11 of the 70 sea urchin species in NZ can be found in coastal reefs.
They eat: plants and animals, but prefer brown seaweed. My mouth has a five-sided limy structure known as Aristotle's Lantern. My set of jaws and teeth help me grind up food.

Did you know? They are some of the noisiest species found on NZ reefs. At dusk, they create an “evening chorus” in the sea. This is the sound (which humans can hear) of their jaws grinding food. The sound bounces around and amplifies in our shells.

Super powers: Using fearsome spines to protect from predators. They also I hold bits of weed, shell and gravel on as camoflauge. Though they are small (16–17cm) they are no match for rock lobsters, snapper or seven armed starfish.
They help the eco system by: controlling and balancing the distribution of kelps and other encrusting species.
They are a taonga species: central to the identity and well being of many Māori and are a significant mahinga kai (food).

Inanga - white bait

Whitebait is a term for small 4-5cm long freshwater fish that are tender and edible. Inanga (Galaxias maculatus) are the most common native fish species caught as whitebait. Other species that make up the whitebait catch are banded kokopu, giant kokopu, kōaro and shortjaw kokopu. These species are all migratory galaxiids.

Did you know: Their life begins as a egg laid in vegetation beside streams in late summer and autumn around the high water mark. After they are born in freshwater, they are swept out to sea with the tide. They return after 6 months and migrate upstream as whitebait and grow into adult fish by Autumn. They they are a mature fish, they will swim back down river to spawn in the estuaries. They usually live for one year. Most females only have one opportunity to spawn. If she finds good quality spawning habitat then about 80% of those eggs will survive.

Super power: You can see straight through them.
They help the eco system: as a food source in the marine food chain and help clean the ocean by filter feeding.
They are a taonga species: central to the identity and well being of many Māori and are a significant mahinga kai (food).

Pipi

Pipi belong to the Mesodesmatidae family (clams) and are about 4–6cm long.

Did you know: they are a little fish that lives inside a shell.
To eat: they use their strong foot to burrow 10cm deep into the sand. They strain the water to find food particles like phytoplankton. As a filter feeder, they help keep the water clean which is important for the ecosystem.

My super power is: they can create a thread of mucus to make myself float in the water and move to a new location
I help the eco system: as a food source in the marine food chain and help clean the ocean by filter feeding.
They are a taonga species: central to the identity and well being of many Māori and are a significant mahinga kai (food).

Moa

Moa were large, plant-eating birds that once roamed the entirety of Aotearoa New Zealand. The moa became extinct between 1400 and 1500 AD. Currently, we know of nine described moa species, spread across six genera and three families. Moa come in many shapes and sizes, which has been attributed to New Zealand’s geological history (for example, glaciations and tectonic movement), sexual dimorphism and differences in habitat, climate and diet.

This variability has made species identification contentious since European scientists first came across moa bones in the 1840s. The number of moa species was once overestimated to be in the high twenties and over time 64 different scientific names have been assigned to moa species.

The evolution of moa is complex and not fully understood. Most of our knowledge has been obtained from specimens less than 10,000 years old which means we know very little about 99.9% of their evolution over 60 million years. However, through DNA technology scientists have discovered that all the currently described moa species descend from a common ancestor that inhabited New Zealand around 3.5 million years ago. A number of significant glaciations occurred between then and the time moa went extinct, each time resulting in a bottleneck followed by an increase in the number of species. Land bridges would also form between islands when the sea level was low during glaciations, enabling moa to disperse and migrate throughout the country. - https://www.canterburymuseum.com/explore/our-stories/know-your-moa

New Zealand’s extinct Haast’s Eagle (Hieraaetus moorei), the largest known eagle, gulped down viscera like a vulture. While most eagles hunt prey that is smaller than them, the Haast’s Eagle was going after moa that could weigh up to 200 kg – more than 13 times their own body weight.

"It was near this point in 1889 that bones of the moa species Anomalopteryx Didiformis were discovered during quarrying operations. The bones could be as old as 2.4 million years and maybe the oldest yet found in NA. The species of moa was relatively small at around 1 metre in height and is generally thought to have occurred in upload areas or at lower altitudes during the ice ages."

This wee track at Centennial Park follows the old rail line that was used to shunt rock from the quarry to the coast for the Harbour and coastal erosion control. Also where the oldest Moa bones have been found! Lava flowed through here to what is now the sea from Mount Horrible 2 million years ago. 

The Timaru Harbour Board once owned much of the land at Centennial Park, which was worked as a quarry in the late 1800s to provide a source of harbour-protection rock for the development of the Port of Timaru. Several quarries were operated, one at the Gleniti end of the reserve and others throughout the stretch of the gully, each supplying rock via a railway leading from Otipua Rd. The last of the lines was dismantled in late 1959. The Moa bones were found when rock was being removed for the building of the North Mole by Palliser and Co. The bones are believed to be the oldest discovered to date with the clay found under the bones being described as being from the Pliocene Age (2 to 7 million years ago).

During 1934-35 negotiations took place between the Timaru Harbour Board, representative of the estate of J King, and the Timaru Borough Council to acquire land for a reserve in the western sector of the borough. The land lay from Claremont Rd stretching east to the end of Quarry Rd. About 32 hectares was bought for the equivalent of $1060. However, the harbour board maintained its right to quarry in the reserve until 1975. 

About the time the reserve was created, George Bowker, a local real estate man, donated 6.5ha of land adjoining the Otipua Rd reserve. That enabled a central accessway to the site in the area of the large bluestone Bowker Gates opposite Church St. In 1938 it was formally opened and named the Scenic Reserve; however, by 1940 it had been renamed Centennial Park marking the centenary of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.

Basalt (cooled lava) being quarried at Centenial Park. - Harbour Board Quarry, Timaru, New Zealand, by Muir & Moodie. Te Papa (C.014398)

The rock being transported to the Port of Timaru. Here you can see wagons that were operated by the Timaru Harbour Board's Otupua Tramway which ran from the Eastern Extension to the quarries in what is today's Scnenic Reserve they date back to 1900. The Tramway closed in 1958. The "six wheeled tipping wagons" are now on display at the Pleasant Point Railway Museum.

North Otago Times, 11 November 1891, Page 4
The bone of a small species of Moa, found two years ago under it lava stream at Timaru, are still older and probably upper miocene.

Timaru Herald, 28 September 1894, Page 2
As some of the Borough Council's men were trimming up the footpath on Forth street at the foot of the bank cutting below St Mary's Church they came across a moa's leg bone m the solid clay. The bone was nearly at the footpath level, or twelve feet below the original ground surface. It was of good size, but not a large one as moa bones go, As usual with bones found m the clay it is in a soft cheesy condition

O Wahi Moa, Valley of the Moa, Craigmore. Photos by Roselyn Fauth

The plaque at this rock art site, says they could have been created over 500 years ago. It's fascinating to imagine what life could have been like here in NZ. Forests, Moa roaming this valley... the Haast Eagle swooping above. Maybe Māori were planting and harvesting Te Kouka Cabbage Tree for food and fiber, lighting fires to cook on and stay warm. Maybe using the charcoal and animal fats to make their pigment and create the legacy we can see today. Some say they look like giant moas, eagles, dogs and people.

Take your thoughts way further back into time... imagine how the limestone formed. Organisms died, their shells accumulated on the seafloor. The soft parts decayed, leaving the hard shells to be broken down by sea currents and preditors. Over long periods of time, the sediments were transformed into limestone. The sea bed is thrust up from the ocean and weathered by the wind and rain. The patterns and forms in the fizzy rock are interesting. The stone is used for heaps of things like road chip, construction and fertilizer. Early pioneers cooked it in kilns to render walls. You can see an old kiln in Pareora and Kakanui.

In 2021, Joe Grossman found what looked like moa foot prints near Brown's Beach north of Timaru. South Canterbury Museum director Phillip Howe, said the location, in which the footprints were found, would have been covered in scrub and forest 14,000 years ago. “The forest floor is sometimes exposed by sea action.”

Chris Sargent, right, and South Canterbury Museum director Philip Howe with the moa bones and footprints that Sargent found at Paeora beach. They are the Canterbury region’s first set of confirmed moa footprints, according to a senior curator. On August 12th 2022, photographs of the clearest footprint were taken so a 3-D model could be made.Plaster casts were formed and the prints were excavated. Moa bones found at the site were donated the bones to the museum. The site had been exposed at Pareora Beach when heavy rains caused a pond behind the beach to burst, scouring out the shingle that covered the hard mud layer with the prints. It is believed they belong to a heavy-footed moa or a giant moa from the Holocene period, meaning it was less than 12,000 years old.

Photogrammetry image of a single moa footprint 12 August 2022, Pareora. Photos taken by Philip Howe South Canterbury Museum.

Climate change resources

• Canterbury’s Changing Climate, an educational resource for schools and communities – full resource, 2020 (PDF file, 23.6MB)
• Canterbury’s Changing Climate, an educational resource for schools and communities – background section, 2020 (PDF file, 13.9MB)
• Canterbury’s Changing Climate, an educational resource for schools and communities – Everyday Superheroes, practical ideas for taking action, 2020 (PDF file, 4.8MB)
• Canterbury’s Changing Climate, an educational resource for schools and communities – classroom activities, 2020 (PDF file, 4.4MB)

Coastal environment resources

• Canterbury’s Spectacular Coast 2004, (PDF file, 17.9MB)
• Canterbury’s Spectacular Coast – Coastal Dunes, 2022 (PDF file, 13.1MB)
• Canterbury’s Spectacular Coast – Rocky Shore, 2016 (PDF file, 4MB)
• Canterbury’s Spectacular Coast – Coastal Wetlands, 2016 (PDF file, 1.6MB)

Pengiun Feet at Marine Parade end of Caroline Bay Timaru.

Māori, like other Polynesians, measure time by the Moon and a day is counted from sunset to sunset. The Māori lunar calendar is called Maramataka.

There are more than 40 versions of Maramataka across Aotearoa. The Moon travels around Earth in 29.53 days – this is the period of the lunar phases, also known as the synodic month. The lunar phase or Moon phase is the shape of the directly sunlit portion of the Moon, as viewed from Earth. The synodic month is the average period of the Moon’s orbit concerning the line joining the Sun and Earth. The Moon’s appearance depends on the position of the Moon for the Sun as seen from the Earth. The lunar phases gradually change over a synodic month, as the orbital positions of the Moon around Earth, and Earth around the Sun, shift. Check them out in the video below.

"How the Māori applied Marama’s thirty nights to fit in with the proper age of the moon has not been made clear. Some Māori authorities contend that the moon disappears underground and reappears after travelling for two days underground." - Te Takitimu, by A.H. and A.W. Reed

https://www.museumswellington.org.nz/matariki-the-maori-phases-of-the-moon/

For Māori, the best times for the cultivation and harvesting of food were marked by bodies visible in the night sky. The passing of years, seasons and months were signalled by prominent stars and the phases of the moon.

Early Māori people had a detailed knowledge of astronomy. A significant use of astronomical knowledge was for ocean navigation. Polynesian voyagers were able to traverse the vast distances of Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, the Pacific Ocean, to find and settle in Aotearoa using the stars as a reference for direction and location. Māori astronomy has a strong connection to the planting and harvesting of crops, influenced by Te Maramataka, the Māori lunar calendar. The word ‘maramataka’ literally means ‘the turning of the Moon.’ Each day of the month was named according to the phases of the Moon, accompanied by information that guided activities like fishing, gardening, and food gathering. Some days would be identified as good days for harvesting certain resources, while other days were considered unfavourable. Puaka and Matariki are two important celestial events in Māori culture that have been revitalised in recent times. Today, the celebration of Puaka and Matariki is a time to spend with family and friends, and to reflect on the year that’s been and the year to come. These events are commonly referred to as the Māori New Year.  - otagomuseum.nz/puaka-and-matariki

Print and create your own Maramataka calendar, adding the moon phases relevant to your hapū, iwi or location: https://legacy.allright.org.nz/resources/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crux

The name Crux is Latin for cross. It is the smallest of all 88 modern constellations. It has attained a high level of cultural significance in many Southern Hemisphere states and nations. There are four key stars: Acrux (the brightest and most southern star), Mimosa, Mimosa and Imai. The bright stars in Crux were known to the Ancient Greeks, where Ptolemy regarded them as part of the constellation Centaurus.

The South Celestial Pole is the point in the southern sky that the stars rotate around, moving in a circle around this point throughout the year. This means that, while the Southern Cross will change position in the sky throughout the year, it is always visible and can always be used to find south here in Aotearoa.

Photo by Geoff Cloake of the Southern Lights from Timaru Aoril 2023.

The South Celestial Pole is the point in the sky about which all the stars seen from the Southern Hemisphere rotate.  The asterism has been used by navigators for centuries. Diagram show how to use the Southern Cross and the "Southern Pointers" starts to locate the south celestial pole.

• For the Tainui Māori of New Zealand, it represents Te Punga, the anchor of a great sky canoe. For Wairarapa Māori, the Southern Cross is Māhutonga, an opening for storm winds to escape through the Milky Way.
• The 16th-century European navigators who sailed into southern seas perceived it as a symbol of their Christian faith.
• The southern cross is also on Brazil's flag, it's called Cruzeiro do Sul.
• European voyagers in the late 15th century took it as a sign of divine blessing for their conquests. 

The Southern Cross is a New Zealand national icon. The stars on the Flag represent the Southern Cross constellation, emphasising New Zealand's location in the South Pacific Ocean. The Union Jack in the top left-hand corner of the Flag recognises New Zealand's historical foundations as a former British colony and dominion. - mch.govt.nz/nz-identity

The design of New Zealand's national flag emerged over several years before being officially approved in 1902. Its origins date from 1865 when the British Government instructed that vessels from the colonies should fly the Blue Ensign with the seal or badge of the colony on it. New Zealand didn’t have a recognised badge at the time, so its vessels flew the Blue Ensign without any markings until reprimanded by the British Government. Mr G Eliott, Secretary of the General Post Office, recommended that the four stars of the Southern Cross be used as New Zealand's badge but this was rejected. Instead the words ‘New Zealand’ were added to the Blue Ensign, and later shortened to ‘NZ’ in red letters with white borders. In 1869, Governor Sir George Bowen directed that the Southern Cross replace ‘NZ’ on the Blue Ensign. The Southern Cross was represented by four five-pointed red stars with white borders to correspond with the colours of the Union Jack. Still officially a maritime flag, the flag was used on land and gradually became recognised as New Zealand’s national flag. In 1902, the flag officially became the National Flag of New Zealand. 

"History of Park Moa bones, flints adzes and and ovens indicate that, centuries before the coming of the Pakeha, Maori Park was a dwelling place of Moa-hunter Maoris.

Fishing from Dashing Rocks, shell fish on the beach, and birds as Wash- dyke lagoon made it an ideal camping place for sunshine and plenteous food supply. Following on their footsteps, later genera- tions of Maoris continued to live at this spot. 2 The Maori name for the park was Te Upoke a Te Rakai Tau- wheke, given in honour of a famous Ngai Tahu chief.

War- fare against the Ngati Namoe brought to the Ngai Tahus a series of defeats. Rallying his tribe, Te Rakai Tauwheke led them from victory unto victory until their enemies were van- quished. Hither he or a descen- dant lived here, and Te Weka street is an abbreviation of his name. Virtue Avenue was a stream in which was a large waterhole from which. both Maori and Pakeha had the right to draw water. *, The waterhole was named Ponuiahine, a maiden in the Mangarara canoe which brought to New Zealand lizards, dogs, | birds and insects: Because she beheld the magic dog of Tara- whata without having her eyes veiled she was changed into a rock in the sea.

When the whalers came in 1848, they also made use of Maori park and it was at Dashing Rocks, where the Moa-Hunter Maoris used to fish, that they made their look-out for whales. Te Rehu, the Temuka chief, had a house there and his son Tarawhata, also a chief, grew, in Beverley gully, vegetables for the whalers. Te. Rehu was probably ‘the descendant of the great chief Te Rehu, a leader of the Ngai Tahu invasion of the South Island. Bishop Selwyn, first man to make a recorded visit through Canterbury, tells how he arrived at Dashing Rocks on the evening of January 15 1844, where he met Te Rehu and his wife, who were living there, and here the Bishop baptised their grandchild.

From Maori Park, Bishop Selwyn gives the first written description of Timaru. He wrote: ‘‘To the north-west lay a blazing raupo swamp; to the north the high mountains beyond the vast plains of Waiateruati, with only one clump of trees to arrest the eye; to the south-west the gentle grass slopes bore away towards the deserted whaling station Timaru”. At the same place, Te Rehu and Tarawhata met, in 1848, Walter B, D. Mantell, who bore the ominous Public Service title of ‘Commissioner for the Extin- guishment of Native Titles in the Middle (South) Island.” He succeeded in arranging the pur- chase of 30 million acres of land for something like £5,000. In fairness to Mantell it should be said that he spent a good deal of his later life in unsuccess- fully trying to induce successive Governments to give the Maoris a more just land deal. In 1944 Parliament agreed to pay £10,000 a year for 30 years to the Ngai Tahu Trust Board in settlement of their claim. Reserve Mantell records in his diary: “19 October (1848) Fine Morn- ing. Very early set out for Te Upoko a Te Rakaitau Wheke (Maori Park) where Tarawhata had remained. Found that his cultivations (Beverley gully) were the most valuable part of the bay. At his request I laid out the reserve (20 acres) further north, the natives aban- doning the present gardens and huts. Right to the waterhole at Ponuiahine (Virtue Avenue) In’ the bay, we found a trader’s boat hauled up waiting for a wind to Otakou, the native crew com- fortably camped under the sail.” Tarawhata had good reason for wanting to set aside Maori Park as a reserve. It was a vantage point for fishing, both at Wash- dyke lagoon and in the open sea.

To the Maori, tradition was part of his religion, so they wanted to preserve this part because of historic associations. The railway, opened in 1875, took four acres of the reserve, leaving 16 acres which was used by the Maoris for camping purposes up. to the time of living memory. In 1926 it was sold to Timaru City as a reserve, for which the Maoris received £8,000. Had they withheld this land, they could now obtain about £1000 for an eighth of an acre section, Allowing £8,000 for expenses, the land would have brought them £120,000. They should have remembered their own proverb— “The blanket wears out, but the land remains” Open Space When, in 1857, Captain Woollcombe came to Timaru as harbour master, magistrate, registrar of births, marriages, and deaths, he bought Ashbury, the property adjacent to Maori Park, and the Misses Woollcombe told me they used to play there. To have tea at Ashbury was to experience the elegant graciousness of the Victorian area. Mahogany and walnut furniture, Persian carpets lace tablecloth, silver service, Royal Worcester china, and the charming. Misses. Woollcombe them- selves looking like delicate Dres- den figurines.

They used to deplore the fact that the founders of Timaru did not set aside reserves. Right from its start, Timaru has been starved for open spaces. Excepting Maori, Ashbury, and West End Parks, there is not a reserve between Alexander Square and Marchwiel Park. No city or town in New Zealand has such ignominious distinction Within five minutes from the centre of the city, Auckland has Mount Albert Park; Wellington, . Lindsay, Bowen Street Reserve; Christ- chureh Hagley Park; Dunedin, the Queen’s Gardens. Smaller towns have similar reserves close to the town centre. Stimulating Port development means in- creased population. It looks as though an already congested city might have to cope with a popu- lation twice this size. Maori Park is the only hill-erest space we have.

A stimulating walk is to cross Maori Park, then over the footbridge spanning the railway viaduct and peer over the cliffs at the long Pacific rollers from far- away Chile, dashing themselves into foam at your feet. Try this for yourself one winter day when a southerly wind is blow- ing, and breathe into your lungs the exhilarating salt-tanged gusts _ that swirl around you. The Mayor of New York, John appointed one of America’s most brilliant Jand- scape gardening experts to re design Central Park. The millionaire imsurance magnate, | Huntington Hartford, offered a substantial sum for the building of a public restaurant in the park. The offer was declined by the expert because, he said: ‘“‘A park should be an open space, uncluttered by buildings.” -  William Vance, Maori Park - Most Historic Place in Timaru (10 Jun 1967). Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 07/06/2023, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/2085

Red Map. Plans of Native Reserves in Canterbury - Caroline Bay, Native Reserve 8 - 10 chains to 1 inch (1:7920), Item Code:R25179855 - https://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/IE40916334

LEFT A try pot used at the Weller Bros Whaling Station near this place 1839-1840. The Wellers’ workers caught whales and rendered the blubber down into oil in try pots for two seasons Members of the whaling gang were the first white men to live even temporarily in South Canterbury. RIGHT Looking up towards the viaduct near the Evans St and Wai-iti Rd intersection where the stream runs underground. Photograph courtesy of Roselyn Fauth

Some of the earliest Europeans to arrive in the area were also whalers. Their existence was rough and their work extremely dangerous, a far cry from what we could imagine living in the city today.  

The dutch explorer Abel Tasman is officially recognised as the first European to 'discover' New Zealand in 1642.

The French were among the earlier European settlers in New Zealand, and established a colony at Akaroa in the South Island in 1830s.

Sealers were some of the first Europeans to visit the coastal regions around Timaru in the late 18th century. They were attracted to the area by the abundance of fur seals which they hunted for their valuable pelts. The exact dates of their visits are not well documented.

Europeans of all descriptions came to New Zealand during this time — Dutch, French, Russian, German, Spanish, Portuguese and British, as well as North Americans.

"They encountered a Maori world. Contact was regional in its nature; many Maori had no contact with Europeans. Where contact did occur, Europeans had to work out a satisfactory arrangement with Maori, who were often needed to provide local knowledge, food, resources, companionship, labour and, most important of all, guarantee the newcomers' safety. Maori were quick to recognise the economic benefits to be gained in developing a relationship with these newcomers... . Some Maori joined whaling vessels as crew and Sydney became the most visited overseas destination for Maori." - nzhistory.govt.nz/sealers-and-whalers

In 1839 The Weller Brothers established a whaling station at what is now the corner of Evans St and Wai-iti Rd. Samuel Williams was the leader of this party, and boat steerer and harpooner at the new station. The layout of the land was different from what we could imagine then too.

The whalers described the area of gently undulating, tussock-covered downs cut by watercourse on their way down to a boulder-strewn beach. Between the valleys rose clay loess cliffs, and reefs that extended into the sea providing safe openings for ship protection. North and South lagoons extended far inland, and the only trees were cabbage trees. 

They set up camp near Pohatu-koko stream, which they nicknamed ‘Whaler’s Creek’ (see ‘South Canterbury:  A Record of Settlement’ by Oliver A. Gillespie, 1958, p39). Pohatu-koko shows up on some of the earliest maps of the area, but isn’t as well known today now that it runs underground.

The whalers are also rumoured to have given Caroline Bay its name too. The name first appears in descriptions of the sale by Māori to the Weller brothers of more than one million acres of land on 4 Dec 1839. Some say it was named ‘Caroline’ after the ship that came to pick up the whale oil. The ship "Caroline" regularly dropped anchor after the Weller Brothers of Sydney established a whaling station at Timaru in 1839. According to a newspaper article from the time, the Caroline arrived in Timaru carrying a cargo of whale oil and whalebone. The article also notes that the Caroline had recently returned from a whaling expedition to the southern seas.

"The ship "Caroline" regularly dropped anchor after the Weller Brothers of Sydney established a whaling station at Timaru in 1839. According to a newspaper article from the time, the Caroline arrived in Timaru carrying a cargo of whale oil and whalebone."

"Mr Jahannes C. Anderson, in his “Jubilee History cf South Canterbury” says: ‘‘Joseph Price chief officer of the Harriet, left the boat in December, 1839, and started whaling on his own account at Ikorai, Banks Peninsula. Price shipped in September, 1931, on board the Caroline for a whaling cruise; but whether Caroline Bay was named after this ship, or after another Caroline, a whaler that frequented the coast up till the year 1835, is not known.” Timaru Herald - 12 APRIL 1934, PAGE 6

There is some debate about how the Bay got it's name, as there were other ships named Caroline that frequented the New Zealand coast in the 1800s.

At shore stations, as on whaleships, Maori were soon included in boat crews and were adept boatmen and harpooners. The shore stations' boats pursued right whales, which would enter bays on the high tide and leave them on the ebb. Sperm whaling continued but, as the demand for bone increased, more and more British, Sydney and French vessels turned to right whaling. In 1834 they were joined by the first American right whalers in New Zealand waters.

The whaling industry was short-lived, and the station was abandoned when they were preparing for a third season because the company failed. The men who lived there moved on from their temporary home, and it would be a few more years before Europeans settled permanently in the area. 

 "The French Ship Gustave, Declare, from Have fifteen months out, 1800 barrels black oil; 400 barrels this season at Pegansi Bay and the Tcmaroo Beach." New Zealand Colonist and Port Nicholson Advertiser, Volume I, Issue 13, 13 September 1842, Page 2 -  New Zealand Colonist and Port Nicholson Advertiser, Volume I, Issue 13, 13 September 1842, Page 2

New Zealand was opened up to the world by the 35 of whaleship captains. Over four hundred islands in the Pacific were "discovered" and named by American whalemen, and the history of New Zealand is closely connected with the visits of New England whalers. 

Further info

• Harvesting the sea: Sealing 
• Harvesting the sea: Whaling 
• Early Arrivals: New Zealand - Australia's New Frontier
• Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Visit site run by the Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
• Dictionary of New Zealand Biography  Visit site that contains the life stories of over 3000 New Zealanders. This site run by the Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
• Christchurch City Libraries  Visit the site with a handy range of factsheets on various aspects of New Zealand history.

The Sheltering Place: Yankee Sam of Timaru - whaler, settler, publican (26 Jul 1975). Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 23/06/2023, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/1096

Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas, 1878. Very good overall. Color lithograph from 'The Instructive Picture Book' depicting two sperm whales, a whaling long boat between the whales, a waterspout in the middle ground and a whaling ship in the distance. This color lithograph made using a complicated printing method involving wood engraved detail, hand color and color lithography for the sky portion of the print; this is a multi-block color stone lithograph. With 'Antarctic Regions' below the image, and 'Sperm Whale' to the right; Plate LX in the upper right . - antarctic-regions-sperm-whale-antarctic

Map showing the distribution of whales across different seasons in the mid-19th century. Whaling connected Ngāi Tahu to the global economy in the early 19th century, providing new and sometimes mana-enhancing opportunities for trade, employment, and travel. As the whaling industry declined from the 1840s, some whalers (like Edward Weller) proved transient visitors. Many others, like Howell, remained with their families, though most were not as wealthy. Former whalers turned to fisheries, agriculture and trade. Their mixed communities formed the basis for settlements around the southern region such as Timaur's first perminant European resident Samuel Williams (Yankie Sam). Norman B. Leventhal Map & Education Center, Boston Public Library, CC BY-SA

Sam Williams (1817–1883) arrived at Timaru in 1839 with one of the Weller Brothers whaling gangs that worked from what is now the viaduct area of Caroline Bay. A Samuel Williams is on a crew list for the "Charles and Henry", a whaler that left Edgartown in 1836 bound for the Pacific. Later, after he moved on from Whaling he worked for the Rhodes family on Banks Peninsula. There he told the Rhodes brothers that the area was suitable for grazing sheep. Encouraged by this the Rhodes sought the lease that became Levels, run by George Rhodes.

Farming wasn’t for Sam though. He went to the gold fields of Victoria in 1851. While not successful prospecting, he did marry. Sam, his wife Ann and daughter Rebecca returned to Timaru in 1856. George Rhodes gave him his original cottage at the foot of George Street on the foreshore of Timaru. It was there in 1857 that Sam and Ann’s (Ann Mahoney b 1823 in Cork, Ireland) son William Williams was born - the first European child born in Timaru. A gin case was used as his makeshift cradle.

Moby-Dick Moby-Dick, Herman Melville’s greatest work, was published in. Melville had risen to prominence as a writer of adventure tales based on his own experiences at sea. In January he left Fairhaven, Mass., on the maiden voyage of the whaleship Acushnet. He deserted at Nuka Hiva in the Marquesas Islands, then joined the Australian whaleship Lucy Ann. After a bloodless mutiny the vessel returned to Tahiti. Melville made his way to the neighboring island of Eimeo (present-day Moorea), where he joined his third whaler, the Charles and Henry of Nantucket, Mass. - weekendamerica.publicradio.org

In March 2021 Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua gifted us the priviledge of using the name Pohatu-koko for the new playground, named after the stream running below it. 

LEFT An early map of Timaru in 1860. RIGHT zoomed in area showing the labeled area "Pohatu Koko" next to the "old whaling station". This is where the traffic lights are at the end of Wai-iti Rd, and Evans St. The stream running through the area can be seen above. This stream is now piped under the viaduct at the bottom of Wai-iti Rd, under the playground and out sea at the Benvenue end of the boardwalk.
Courtesy of the National Library. Archives New Zealand/Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga. Christchurch Office. Archives reference: CH1031, BM 245 pt 2, R22668176

The whalers used to draw their water from Whales Creek, but because the tide used to flow into this creek, they would have'to go as far as Nelson Terrace to obtain fresh water from the creek. ... The Whaler Caroline “Supplies to this station were brought by the whaling ship Caroline, and so they bay came to be known as Caroline Bay. This ship had an eventful history. At one tlme it was commanded by Captain Blenkinsopp, who brought the Waiau plains from the Maoris for a cannon. The cannon is mounted on an obelisk in the sware at Blenheim. The Caroline was later bought by John Jones who started a whaling station in Waikouaiti in 1840. The ship was subsequently wrecked at the mouth of the New River, Southland. 
Because of bankruptcy, the whaling station was abandoned, and Dr Edward Shortland, the first man to record his journey on foot from Moeraki to Banks Peninsula in 1844, tells of the sorry sight this whaling station made. He wrote: ‘Many forlorn looking huts were still standing there; which, with casks, rusty iron hoops, and decaying ropes, lying about in all directions, told a tale of the waste and destruction that so often fall on a bankrupt’s property.‘
After the Timaru whaling station closed down," said Mr Vance. “the steersman, Sam Williams, went to work at the Rhodes' whaling station at Red House Bay. Banks Peninsula. Here Sam Williams told George Rhodes of the good sheep country lying to the south and the outcome of this was that the Rhodes Biothers took up all the land between the Pareora and Opihi Rivers and back to the Snowy Ranges. They also bought, the business area of Tirnaru. between North Street and Wai-iti Road and back to Grey Road—806 acres for £800.
Mr William Vance Traces History of Caroline Bay (12 Mar 1957). Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 07/06/2023, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/358 -  aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/358

Captain Blenkinsopp married a Maori woman, the. daughter of a local ; chieftain, and purchased from Te Rauparaha the whole of Wairau Plain. Te Rauparaha repudiated the bargain and the incident had a direct bearing on the Wairau massacre m 1843 which was the beginning of the wars between Maori and pakeha. - paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/Captain+Blenkinsopp

Joseph, George and Edward Weller are immortalised in the folk song “Soon May the Wellerman Come” - circa 1850-1860.

“The song’s lyrics describe a whaling ship called the “Billy o’ Tea” and its hunt for a right whale. The song describes how the ship’s crew hope for a “wellerman” (an employee of the Weller brothers, who owned ships that brought provisions to New Zealand whalers) to arrive and bring them supplies of luxuries, with the chorus stating “soon may the wellerman come, to bring us sugar and tea and rum.” According to the song’s listing on the website New Zealand Folk Song, “the workers at these bay-whaling stations (shore whalers) were not paid wages, they were paid in slops (ready-made clothing), spirits and tobacco.” In the whaling industry in 19th-century New Zealand, the Weller brothers owned ships that would sell provisions to whaling boats. The chorus continues with the crew singing of their hope that “one day when the tonguin’ is done we’ll take our leave and go.” “Tonguing” in this context refers to the practice of cutting strips of whale blubber to render into oil. Subsequent verses detail the captain’s determination to bring in the whale in question, even as time passes and multiple whaling boats are lost in the struggle. In the last verse, the narrator describes how the Billy o’ Tea is still locked in an ongoing struggle with the whale, with the wellerman making a “regular call” to encourage the captain and crew. - denelecampbell.com/more-than-meets-the-ear/

 Section on the map showing the Pohatu-koko stream.

Caroline Bay in 1890. Crowd on the beach at Caroline Bay, Timaru, circa 1890. Bathing machines are by the surf. Perhaps this is the stream at the left. Photograph taken by William Ferrier. - National Library. Tiaki Reference Number: PAColl-4746-02

Whales Creek Railway Viaduct at the foot of Wai-iti Rd and Evans Street, Timaru, New Zealand, 1904-1915, Timaru, by Muir & Moodie. Purchased 1998 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (PS.001051) 

Looking south over Caroline Bay from north of the Tennis Courts, c1933. Pohatu-koko stream can be seen to the left, running over the sandy bay. The cars are parked where the playground and tennis courts currently are today. Courtesy of South Canterbury Museum 0076.

The rustic bridge Caroline Bay Timaru circa 1915.  Pictures several children on and around the bridge, part of the walkway leading to the Caretaker's Cottage and Tea Rooms on the Bay (in the background). - South Canterbury Museum  2015/150.02 

The Tennis Courts Caroline Bay. Timaru. FW Hutton and Co. Timaru. Looking across the tennis courts at Caroline Bay, Timaru showing men playing doubles, houses (left and rear); woman seated (right foreground). Auckland Libraries Heritage Images Collection

1910 Scene at Caroline Bay, Timaru, near the beach with [bowling green ?] And a cropped in image, where you can see Pohatukoko Whales Creek and a bridge. The Press Collection, Alexander Turnbull Librar Tiaki IRN: 692896. Tiaki Reference Number: 1/1-008906-G. Collection: PA-Group-00103: The Press (Newspaper) :Negatives692896. Tiaki Reference Number: 1/1-008906-G. Collection: PA-Group-00103: The Press (Newspaper) :Negatives

Looking north along Caroline Bay, Timaru. Showing The Pavilion (centre). Over the roof of the Pavilion is the Midland Dairy Company's Palm Butter factory and to its left is Evans Street, with tennis courts beside. A train stretches across the picture from the left. Auckland Libraries Heritage Images Collection

 1947 - View to the south Canterbury town of Timaru with Caroline Bay with Evans Street in foreground looking south over the CBD and outer suburbs. You can see the stream running to the sea. Aerial photograph taken by Whites Aviation. Tiaki IRN: 720135. Tiaki Reference Number:: WA-06402-F - PA-Group-00080: Whites Aviation Ltd: Photographs

It is interesting to see the changes to the coastline. This rapidly changed when the new harbour was built.

Refernce to the "old native huts" at the foot of Wai-iti Rd intersection See map here 

Early Timaru Book by F. G.. Hall-Jones. Cover and inside page: North Street to Maori Reserve. After A. Wills, 1848 (re-worded). An old map gives Pohatukoko, the same name as the northernAn old map gives Pohatukoko, the same name as the northernreef at the harbour, at the head of the bay on the site ofthe old native huts shown on Wills's map.

"Caroline Bay: It is almost certain that Caroline Bay, the Caroline Har~bour of Golok's sale in 1839, took its name from the whalingbarque owned by the Sydney firm of R. Campbell and Company.She was probably the first at Timaru of the manywhaling ships which engaged in bay whaling round the NewZealand coast. Blenkinsopp, of Port Underwood, CloudyBay, was her captain in the early 'thirties, and in 1834 heshipped in her several escaped convicts at Sydney for his shorestation. Later captains were Cherry, who was killed by theMaoris near Mana Island, and James Bruce. The Carolineis mentioned more than once as cruising for sperm whales.In 1837 she was purchased by John Jones, who was then livingin Sydney and who had several shore stations from Waikouaitito Preservation Inlet. She was possibly the sameCaroline as the 400-ton barque wrecked at New River Headson April 1, 186o. This barque had been purchased by Jones,C~rgill and Company, who intended to convert her into a storeship at lnvercargill.The try-pot now at Caroline Bay was found, encrustedwi~h shells and barnacles, by Mr. A. Bennett in the shinglea little to the south of Patiti Point, where presumably a whalehad once been brought ashore. Mr. Bennett used it for manyyears as a watering trough in his yard at Patiti. It then wentto Sutherlands and was eventually secured by CouncillorMathers and placed at the bay.The Maori name is preserved in a jotting by Mantell in1848, "Te Kaio tauraka in Caroline Bay", (Kaio, probablythe ngaio tree; tauranga, an anchorage or a place of abode.)An old map gives Pohatukoko, the same name as the northernreef at the harbour, at the head of the bay on the site ofthe old native huts shown on Wills's map."

The Harbour: Mantell gives us Tauamotu as the original name. Oneof the many meanings of tau is " to lie at anchor or moorings".Motu is anything isolated, such as an island or aclump of trees, and is applicable at Timaru to the separate orisolated reefs and rocks. The curved reef at No. 2 wharf wasPohatukoko (pohatu, rock; koko, a spoon) ; · the variation ofOhatukoro might have some association with Atu Koro, aMaori diety, Koro being the son of Hina. The reef at themain wharf is Taumatu in Wills's map and Tauamatu in theofficial map, the ·second version being suspiciously like Mantell'sTauamotu. Both reefs are now covered by reclamation.Te Awa a Motu could be either the channel between thereefs or the stream at Strathallan Street, or both (awa, a streamor channel).

On the southern boundary of the reserve:, now covered by Virtue Avenue, was a stream, Te Aw~ a Rakaitauwheke.In it was a permanent waterhole, from which both Maori andpakeha had the righ~ to. dra""'. ~ater, named Ponuiahine.Turned into syllables 1t might signify the great cosmic nio-htof the goddess Hina, ~ut ~ore naturally it preserves the na~eof Ponuiahine, a ma1d~n 11:1 the Mangarara canoe which bytradition brought certa_m lizards, dogs, birds and insects toNew Zealand. On arnval she accompanied her father to an· sland where he removed the tapu from the animals. Not~avin~ her eyes veiled she beheld the Mohorangi, the magicdog of Tarawhata, and during the incantations she was turnedinto a grasshopper, and later into a rock in the sea.The Benvenue cliffs recall the tragic shipwreck.

Maori Park: The original name, which is preserved in an abbreviatedand corrupted form in Te Weka Street, was Te Upokoa Te Rakaitauwheke. The last part is the name of a famouschief of the Ngaitahu tribe who rallied his men in a desperatebattle further north and led them to victory. Either heor a descendant of the same name at one time Jived at thisspot. He sh?uld r:ot be confused with Rakaitauneke, a chiefof the opposing tnbe, who fought many a valiant battle andrventually died near lnvercargill and was buried at Bluff Hill.Upoko means usually the head, but also the upper part as ofa field, and the l~tter seems applicable here. The name ~ouldmean the upper field of th~ named chief. Wheke mans octopus,and the Foveau~ Strait oystermen speak of the feggies.Wheketoro, or Creepmg Octopus, was the captain of the Mangararacanoe.

- EARLY TIMARU, F. G. HALL- JONES TIMARU, F. G. HALL- JONES

1856 Map of the Province of Canterbury, Archives New Zealand. When you zoom in over Timaru, you can see the reserve for the township and Caroline Bay.  Item reference: AGCO 8368 IA36 4/12 (R22420403)

The earliest European reference to Tlmaru as such occurs in the whaling jour- nals of 1839 where it was described as “Ternurdu.” The first mention of “Caroline” occurs in mem- orials concerning the sale of land by the Maoris to the Weller Brothers in 1&39, when the Bay was ap- parently described as “Caroline Harbour." That the name "Timaru" was applied to the whole Bay is shown by an official notice in the Lyttelton Times of October 22. 1851, concerning “land which is to be laid off as a town at Timaru Bay."

One of the earliest references to the name "Caroline Bay" is on a 1868 chart of New Zealand by James Wyld Sr. (1790-1836) was a British cartographer and one of Europe's leading mapmakers. “Caroline Bay and Pateti Pt & Rf.” are shown just north and south of 'l‘imaru township.

The Waimataitai Lagoon, once situated seaside of Ashbury Park and fed by Waimataitai Creek, was a 50-acre lagoon crossed by a railway trestle and known as Woollcombe's Lagoon. The creation of the Port of Timaru altered sediment drift, causing the lagoon's enclosing barrier to erode in the 1930s, leading to the lagoon's loss by 1933. The Waimataitai Estate, covering areas including modern streets like Pringle St. and Belfield St., had boundaries marked by the sea, Evans Street, and Taitarakihi Creek. The estate included properties, gardens, and farmlets owned by Herbert Belfield and other historical figures like Thomas Pringle. The lagoon area and nearby properties were significantly impacted by floods and erosion, leading to changes in land use and ownership over time. Historical records detail the involvement of Belfield and Woollcombe in local development and community activities.

Waimātaitai "Waimataitai" was a hāpua (lagoon) situated near the Tīmaru foreshore, renowned as an important source of mahinga kai. In 1880 Hoani Kāhu from Arowhenua described Waimātaitai as “e rauiri” (an eel weir) where tuna (eel) and inaka (whitebait) were gathered. This saltwater lagoon was eventually lost in 1933 due to changes in sediment drift caused by the creation of the Port of Tīmaru. - https://kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas

Read more: Coastal Changes - Ashbury Park / Waimātaitai

The sea was colonial New Zealand’s highway which is why Timaru’s architecture and heritage goes hand in hand with our port. The story begins when George Rhodes used our headland to land stores and materials. He built Timaru’s first house in 1851, it only had three walls! This 20 foot hut stood by the beach (centre of these photos) to service his boat landing for his sheep farm at Levels. George Rhodes married Elizabeth Wood in 1854 at Lyttelton. She had come from England in 1850, on one of the first four ships. Later George and Elizabeth travelled across the plains from Lyttelton to Timaru with Sarah McQueen, a family friend, also from England. Elizabeth’s first child, died 1859 August 9, at Timaru, George William Wood, son of George Rhodes, Esqs, aged 4 years.

1890, Mrs Arthur Perry, mother by her first marriage of Mr. Rhodes, M.H R., and three brothers and a sister. Mrs. Geo. Rhodes came to Timaru in 1854 and was the second white woman in the district. She leaves also five children by her second marriage. The cause of Death was heart complaint. Learn more

He employed the Whaler Samuel Williams who came back to Timaru with his wife Anne and daughter Rebecca and just like that Timaru had it’s first permanent immigrant residents. Their child was the first European baby (William Williams) and was born in this house in 1856 and slept in a gin crate. A small lean-to was added to accommodate two bunks as Timaru’s first hotel. 1860, Nov. 16, at Timaru, Ann, the wife of Mr. Samuel Williams, of the Timaru Hotel died aged 35 years. The first Timaru Herald was published in his kitchen. Sam had the first publican’s license, and he was even the first to have his pub burn down because someone didn’t like the price charged for beer... bad call as the arsonist was sentenced to death! George and Elizabeth Rhodes moved to Levels, where their next house had four timber slab walls, a clay floor and a thatched roof. In 1855 some sheep were stolen from the Levels station, by James Mackenzie. 

Learn more about their geniology here

About 1857 they say, George Rhodes gave the cottage to Sam Williams, an adventurous young American whaler, who had been given the good-natured nickname ‘Yankee Sam’. Sam was born around1817, his birthplace unknown. As an infant, he lived in Canada and later as a boy travelled to the United States. He is thought to have drifted to Australia with a number of other enterprising youths. By 1840 he left Australia to lead a whaling party out of the port of Sydney. Later Sam turned up at Island Bay, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, where he began whaling for the Rhodes brothers in 1848. In 1851, Sam left New Zealand, heading back to Australia again this time to the gold fields of Ballarat, where they say he married Anne Manry sometime around 1854. The goldfields didn’t hold much luck for Sam and he returned to New Zealand in 1856. Once more he took up employment with the Rhodes Brothers. This time he worked on Levels Station. Finally, he moved his family into the cottage on the beach in 1857. It was in this same year Archdeacon Henry William Harper remembered riding through South Canterbury on his first journey south from Christchurch. He recalled Sam and his family in a cottage near the beach. Archdeacon Harper could remember the old whaler showing him some of the remaining try-pots left abandoned on the beach. He wrote in his diary. “I spent a pleasant hour with Sam, listening to many colourful yarns of the old days”. Permanent settlers, aside from the large runholders, were slowly getting established in South Canterbury, exposing a need for accommodation in Timaru. Sam and his wife converted the little daub cottage into a general store and offered shelter to travellers. After the addition of a lean-to, the Provincial Government, in 1858 presented Sam with the first publican’s licence ever held in Timaru. Learn more 

Henry Sewell on his journey south early in 1856, was one of many travellers to camp in this vacant cottage after the Rhodes family had moved out to Levels, a sheep station north-west of the Bay.

By 1873 the cottage had been demolished and 1876 two further bays had been added to the Timaru Landing Services building.

In 1839 the Sydney-based Weller brothers established a short-lived whaling station at Timaru. By the time Walter Mantell made this sketch, in 1848, the station was deserted. Mantell, Walter Baldock Durrant, 1820-1895 :MotuMotu, Timaru. Oct 20 Friday 1848.. Mantell, Walter Baldock Durrant 1820-1895 :[Sketchbook, no. 2] 1848. Ref: E-333-006. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

/records/22810746

A cased coloured ambrotype portrait of Rebecca & William Williams, children of Samuel Williams, whaler, circa 1860 and Anne. William Williams was born in Timaru in 1856, after his father returned to New Zealand following a few years in Australia where he married and had their daughter, Rebecca. William is often credited as the first white child in the district, and a gin case was used as his cradle. South Canterbury Museum 3488

Photograph of the foot of George Street, Timaru, circa 1868. The building is pictured in the centre is a landing service building (either the Timaru Landing and Shipping Company or the George Street Landing Service), while Rhodes' original cottage is to the left. South Canterbury Museum 2000/210.095

Here you can see the boat launch at the foot of George Street, the Landings Service Building and beside, in the center the Rhodes cottage. Section from Hocken Snapshop hocken.recollect.co.nz/24023

First edition of the Timaru Herald from June II 1864 - Vol 1 No 1

Title: Sketch map to illustrate The early Canterbury runs.
Date: 1930
Physical Description: 1 map : black and white ; 49 x 77 cm, on sheet 57 x 84 cm.
Scale etc: Scale [ca. 1:380,160]. 1 in. to 6 miles.
Notes: Copied from: The early Canterbury runs. First series / by L.G.D. Acland. Auckland, N.Z. : Whitcombe and Tombs, 1930.
File Reference: CCLMaps 490414

First edition of the Timaru Herald. It was printed in a small room, a detached kitchen in the George Street cottage on a hand press. It was printed once a week. At the time there was a "rough and ready" settlement of about 150 houses and 1000 people paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/THD19140611.2.64.10

-Timaru 1859-2009, Celebrating 150 years. Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 12/09/2024, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/3330

"In the kitchen of a cottage in lower George Street, on June 11, 1864, The Timaru Herald was born. A respectable eight pages that cost sixpence (£1.1s for an annual subscription, payable in advance), the newspaper was to be produced every Saturday. In the first edition, the proprietor wrote of his hopes for the newspaper and what benefits he believed it would bring to the fledgling district. "The local newspaper," he wrote, "is the great agent for writing the history of the age and disseminating it amongst the people. It educates people by making education necessary to them. It is the guardian of liberty and of law, because both liberty and law can exist only where the acts of public functionaries are subject to publicity. Of the part which the newspaper press takes in guiding the public mind in its political and social movements, we say nothing; for that is rather accidental to the newspaper than an essential to it, especially to the local papers of remote districts. But as the organ and voice of the people, expressing their wants and urging their claims, the local journal is of the greatest use to the public. In starting The Timaru Herald, it is the intention of the proprietors to keep this mainly in view."

Situated in the midst of an immense district almost wholly unsettled, and with resources very partially developed, our primary task will be to keep the wants and claims of the district perpetually before the public and the Government. But it is not only in the leading articles of a newspaper that the public mind is reflected. The editor may mistake or misstate public feelings. As a corrective to such error, our columns shall be freely open to correspondents of all opinions, provided only that the language in which their opinions are couched is such as to cast no discredit on the journal which is the medium of publication."

When it was two years old, The Herald became a bi-weekly paper of four pages, and its price was reduced from sixpence to threepence. There were some further enlargements of sheet size and changes of format in the next few years, until The Herald attained the stature and prestige of daily production on New Year's Day, 1878. It was then priced at twopence, and there was a weekly supplement.

While the first edition was created in Sam Williams' kitchen, it is likely it was no more than a makeshift arrangement, for the press and the few cases of type were soon transferred to a building in another part of George St. The office then moved to Stafford St, next to the present site of Bar Xcel. There, plant and premises were wiped out in the Great Fire of December 7, 1868. Some cases of type were removed before the gale-driven flames took the printing shop, but little of value was salvaged. The hand press was damaged, yet an edition carrying a full report of the fire was printed after a break in publication of only two days. The Herald office was rebuilt in brick and stone.

The Sophia St office was built in 1884-85, but was transformed by subsequent changes, and The Herald moved to its present Bank Street offices in 1984."

- https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/3330?keywords=Friends+of+Aigantighe+Art+Gallery&type=all&highlights=eyIwIjoiYXJ0IiwiMSI6ImdhbGxlcnkiLCIyIjoiYWlnYW50aWdoZSIsIjMiOiJmcmllbmRzIiwiNSI6InZhbGxleSIsIjYiOiJmaW5kcyIsIjciOiJmcmllbmRseSIsIjkiOiJ0cmVuZHMiLCIxMCI6ImFjdCIsIjExIjoiYXQiLCIxMiI6InBhcnQifQ%3D%3D&lsk=679cfbb91d48065d954f1350137a8c54 

In 1851 George Rhodes and his brothers William and Robert established the Levels, South Canterbury’s first pastoral run. George and his wife Elizabeth (seen here) built and lived in this two-roomed, 9- by 3-metre cottage. It had slab walls, a thatched roof, and a clay floor. The cottage was restored in 1951 and now stands on a private historic reserve. George and Elizabeth Rhodes with one of their children outside the Levels cottage, circa 1860. The couple moved into the cottage after living in another cottage in Timaru for a few months after the Rhodes brothers secured the lease of the Levels. The Levels cottage had a clay floor, timber slab walls and a thatched roof, but the couple only lived in the cottage for a short time before newer homes were built in 1856 and 1862.  South Canterbury Museum 1923

Migration to New Zealand: A Historical Overview

Early Migration Patterns (1800-1900)

British and Irish Migration

For over 150 years starting in the 1800s, the majority of migrants to New Zealand came from Britain (England, Scotland, Wales) and Ireland. Despite the promise of a new life, the journey was daunting—spanning about 100 days at sea, fraught with rough conditions and illness. Many hesitated to emigrate unless offered free travel or other incentives.

Via Australia Some migrants initially settled in Australia before moving to New Zealand. Notable groups included:

• Whalers and Sealers: New Zealand’s earliest non-Māori settlers.
• Gold Miners: Arrived in the 1860s from Victoria’s goldfields to Otago and the West Coast.
• Labourers: Came in the early 20th century when New Zealand prospered while Australia faced economic downturns.

Assisted Migration Many migrants were enticed to New Zealand through assisted or free travel schemes, including:

• Settlers: Sponsored by the New Zealand Company in the 1840s to establish communities in Wellington, Nelson, and other regions.
• Cheap Tickets and Free Land: Offered by New Zealand provinces in the 1850s and 1860s.
• Government Recruitment: In the 1870s, 1880s, and post-World War I, migrants received subsidized fares.

Some also arrived as soldiers during the New Zealand wars of the 1860s or as war brides accompanying soldiers returning from overseas.

Non-British Migration, Early Non-British Groups

Before World War II, non-British migrants were relatively few, including:

• French: Settled in Akaroa in 1840.
• Germans: Migrated to Nelson in the 1840s.
• Scandinavians: Settled in Manawatū and Hawke’s Bay in the 1870s.
• Chinese: Attracted by gold rushes.
• Dalmatians: Worked in the northern gumfields.

Post-World War II Migration In the 1950s and 1960s, New Zealand saw increased migration assistance, with notable numbers from the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.

Changing Policies The mid-1960s introduced immigration policies focusing on qualifications rather than race. This shift encouraged significant inflows from Asia and Africa.

The Evolution of Maritime Travel

18th to Early 19th Century The journey to New Zealand involved perilous sea travel, with migrants enduring storms and disease. Most traveled on sailing ships, facing cramped and unsanitary conditions, often resulting in health issues like typhus and dysentery.

Technological Advances The late 1800s saw the transition from sailing ships to steamships, which offered faster and more reliable travel. This advancement marked a significant improvement in the migration experience, with steamships accommodating more passengers and cargo.

Emigration to Canterbury : Shipping Lists 1856-1874

The following passenger lists are for ships to Canterbury which carried assisted immigrants. This immigration was organised by the Canterbury Provincial Government from 1856-1870, and the Central Government from 1870-1874. Schemes were put in place that offered prospective migrants some financial assistance for the voyage. Emigrants were expected to contribute to the cost of their passage or pay a sum after they had been in the province for some time. These lists are most likely clerk’s copies. The original items are held in the Christchurch City Libraries archives collection. Please note that this is not a complete collection of embarkation lists for Canterbury. Lists available in the Family History area, Tuakiri | Identity, Level 2, Tūranga  https://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/Digitised/Emigration/EmbarkationLists/

By Archives New Zealand from New Zealand - Stamp of NZ Company settlers arriving in Pito-one (Petone), 1840, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51249713

Some of the ships that brought immigrants directly to Timaru:

• Strathallan 1859
• Echunga 1862
• Lancashire Witch 1863
• Victory 1863
• Merope 1875
• Warwick 1897

The Cashmere : New Zealand immigrant ship 1851-1863 Learn more about the Cashmere here

First Immigrant Ship to sail direct from UK to Timaru. Departed October 12 1858 and arrived January 14 1859. Image: R. Morris (2009). Courtesy South Canterbury Museum 2008/237.01

Download: Colourful Facts Strathallan.pdf 

Over 160 years ago, Timaru’s first ship of immigrants from the UK arrived. Ever wondered what they experienced and what they found when they got here?

England was a wealthy country, but wealth was unevenly distributed. Bread, potatoes and dried peas were the diet of the working class person and a loaf of bread cost half a worker’s wage. So in the hope of a better life, they risked it all to sail across the world to the new colony. This was 18 years after signing of The Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.

50% Of the fare was subsidised to help the passage of a working class. Officials warned that the greater the assistance, the lower the class of applicant, but in the end the government in London offered half the cost of passage with bills from those already in the colony also gifted toward costs.

• 1858 12th October, The Strathallan left with mostly English passengers, some were from Scotland, Ireland and one family was from Germany.
• 110 In total 250 total passengers left on the Strathallan with about 20 crew. 110 of these were destined for Timaru including 30 children under 10 years old.
• 2 Children were born. Five children and two adults died. As a sign of the hardships of the times the Strathallan was considered fairly fortunate compared to some other immigration ships that suffered terribly from disease and illness.
• 6x2ft Cubicles were for single passengers and married couples had 6x3.5 feet. The space was not just for sleeping but for storing possessions which were not in the hold.
• 12-13 Were the ages of the children accommodated as single men or women. Singles were segregated from married couples and single women were supervised, and not allowed contact with males. Families were housed together.
• 1 Broken top-sail during a severe storm after passing by South Africa. "The water every now and then dashed down the hatchways and the deck leaked in every direction, so there was not a dry place to be found - even the beds were soaked”. With few lifeboats, passengers feared for their lives.
• 4 Crew members (aside from the Captain) were fit for duty after Christmas celebrations got somewhat out of hand.
• 1859 13th January, New Zealand was finally sighted after passengers had spent days looking. The Strathallan anchored offshore at Timaru by 1pm on the 14th.
• 90 Days at sea. The voyagers had left their homes and followed advertisements to this "thriving" town. Some were "bitterly disappointed" with what they found - a barren, treeless coastal Timaru.
• 3 Men (Captain Cain, Mr Woollcombe and Samuel Williams.) rowed to meet the Strathallan. Woollcombe wore "a blue serge jumper, moleskin trousers tied at the knee and turned up at the bottom and heavy boots, yellow to the top with clay. I thought if this is the Resident Magistrate we have come to a queer place”. Sam was described as "old" despite being only 40.
• 4-5 Houses in sight included William’s cottage which was having a lean-to added to serve as Timaru's first licenced pub. With no permanent housing ready, most voyagers slept in Rhodes woolshed.
• 1/4 Of the size of London, was the expectation for one lady. She had been told the district was one of the most thriving in New Zealand. Imagine her surprise when she arrived. At the time Canterbury was populated by several hundred Maori and a just a small number of early European settlers and overstayers from the whaling days.
• 40-60 Houses had sprung up in Timaru by Jan 1860 (one year after arrival). The population was 200.
• 1861 There was 1 clergyman, 1 tinsmith, 1 milliner and 1 cordwainer in Timaru. There were also 187 labourers, 151 servants, 99 shepherds, 59 bushmen, 47 bullock drivers, 25 gentlemen, 19 publicans, 5 blacksmiths, 5 bricklayers, 5 medical practitioners, and a few bakers, gardeners, carters, drapers, police, saddlers and stonemasons.

For many years Timaru celebrated the anniversary of the Strathallan's arrival with a picnic at Otipua Lagoon. Cricket, quoits, watching horse racing and athletics, and chasing a pig with a greased tail, were favourite activities on the day.

- https://sites.rootsweb.com/~nzlscant/Strathallan.htm

Map 1875 showing Peeress Town

The Peeress ship was another significant milestone in Timaru's immigrant history because it brought 24 immigrant families in 1874, marking a major effort by the Canterbury Provincial Council to populate and develop the region despite challenging conditions.

In 1874, the Peeress ship brought 24 immigrant families to New Zealand, marking a significant chapter in the history of Pātītī Point and Timaru. The journey, which began with high hopes and dreams of a new life, would see these families establish a temporary settlement that left a lasting legacy.

Arrival and Settlement

The immigrants aboard the Peeress, mostly from England, reached the shores of Pātītī Point on July 25, 1874, after 118 grueling days at sea. Although the ship initially arrived at Pātītī Point on July 24, rough seas forced a detour to Lyttelton. The following day, the passengers were transferred to two steamers to reach their final destination, as direct voyages to Timaru without port facilities were rare.

Upon arrival, these families were allowed to build temporary accommodation on a designated quarantine reserve. The simple cottages, made from cob and sod (a combination of clay, tussock, and dirt-bricks, with sod cut from the ground), were a welcome relief compared to the barracks they had previously occupied. Despite the poor sanitary conditions and the prevalence of diseases like typhoid fever, many families chose to stay on, as they had nowhere else to go.

Challenges and Community Response

Life in the temporary settlement was far from ideal. Sanitation issues and crime were concerns for some residents of the neighboring Timaru Borough. However, since the area fell outside the council boundaries, the borough had no authority to intervene. Despite these challenges, the community of Peeress town made the best of their situation, with several families turning their cottages into comfortable homes.

Government Intervention and Relocation

The government, aiming to keep the area as a quarantine/military reserve rather than allowing it to become a permanent settlement, eventually ordered all residents to vacate the township. The buildings were razed, and the land was sown with English grass, returning it to a reserve. This decision marked the end of the Peeress immigrants' settlement at Pātītī Point, forcing the families to find new homes once again.

Post-Vacation Usage and Legacy

The area at Pātītī Point has a rich history that predates the Peeress immigrants. It has been a place of shelter for hundreds of years, with artifacts like moa bones and a moa hunter’s necklace found in the area, dating back over 800 years. In the 1830s, the Weller Brothers established a short-lived whaling station there, with Samuel Williams, a member of the crew, featuring in other Timaru history stories. A whale pot for rendering blubber still stands at the current-day carpark, serving as a reminder of this era.

Following the departure of the Peeress immigrants, the reserve was considered for various uses, including a battery and rifle practice. The rail line from the rock quarry, now Centennial Park, used to run up Otipua Rd and down to the port, intersecting with the rifle training area. Today, a WuHoo Timaru sign at the car park celebrates William Greene’s painting, The Roadmakers 1916, depicting the labor required to build roads for the growing town.

Cultural and Historical Significance

"Pātītī Point is located on the South Canterbury coastline at Timaru. Pātītī was a passenger on the Ārai-te-uru waka, which capsized off Matakaea on the North Otago Coastline. After the capsize, many of the passengers went ashore to explore the land. However, they needed to be back at the waka before daylight. Most did not make it, including Pātītī, and instead were transformed into many of the well-known landmarks of Te Waipounamu. In 1880, Hoani Kāhu from Arowhenua described Pātītī as “he kāinga nohoanga, mahinga kai, and he tauraka a waka”. - https://kahurumanu.co.nz/

Interactive History Exploration

For those interested in exploring this rich history, various resources are available. Historical plaques and signs at the car park provide insights, and after big swells, the beach below Pātītī Point cliff can reveal historical artifacts like old boilers and boot prints. Sites such as pressreader.com and rootsweb.com offer detailed accounts of the Peeress immigrants, including passenger lists and stories of those who perished due to the harsh conditions.

Images from above 1956 can be viewed at retrolens.nz, and the Kā Huru Manu project offers an exploration of original Māori place names and histories at kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas. Additionally, the Aigantighe website features details about the WuHoo Timaru signs and William Greene’s painting, The Roadmakers 1916, at aigantighe.co.nz/wuhoo-timaru.

The story of the Peeress immigrants and their time at Pātītī Point is a testament to the resilience and determination of these early settlers, whose legacy continues to be remembered and explored today.

FDM-0690-G-TimaruFromTheAir-Caroline Bay harbour and town-DougMill-air transport and survey business from a hangar at Hobsonville Point between 1927-1937- Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections FDM-0690-G

Section of the mural at Caroline Bay by J .L. Wilson 2002. LEFT Kaiti, chief of Arowhenua kainga. RIGHT. Te Rehe. Photography Courtesy of Roselyn Fauth

In 1844 Edward Shortland crossed the streams running down to Caroline Bay, noting it as “the only spot where a boat can find shelter between Bank’s Peninsula and Te Awa-mokihi”. Guided by Te Rehe, Rangatira of Te Waiateruati Pā, he walked to Te Aitarokihi (what the whalers called ninety-mile beach). On the shores of Waitarakao (the Washdyke lagoon) he found a hut where Māori woman were drying fish about the size of whitebait on the hot sand. After getting lost in a flax swamp he spent the night at Te Waiateruati Pā.

1820-1895 :Tauamotu. Timaru. Camp of natives windbound. 17 October 1848 - Looking south along the beach line near Timaru towards a figure on the beach at a small campsite with a boat drawn up on shore. Mantell's three Maori porters are walking above the beach on flat land studded with cabbage trees towards a low hill - natlib.govt.nz/134166

90 Mile Beach, Timaru, New Zealand, by Burton Brothers. Te Papa (C.014424)

The Timaru Herald – Wednesday, January 14, 2009

The day that Timaru won independence

Timaru came of age on July 13, 1868, when it was officially constituted as a borough. Eight men – Samuel Hewlings, Arthur Perry, George Cliff, Robert Taylor, John Melton, Francis W. Stubbs, Richard Turnbull, and George Healey – were elected as the first council. The first task facing seven of them at the inaugural meeting – Mr. Healey was absent – was to elect a mayor from their number. The two most likely were Mr. Hewlings and Mr. Perry. Both were nominated, and Mr. Hewlings was elected the first mayor of Timaru.

The only other business for the day was to set council meetings for the second and fourth Mondays of each month and to call tenders for a town clerk. At its third session, the council appointed Mr. Lough as its town clerk, at a salary of £100 a year. He was required to provide two sureties of £100 each. Mr. Hewlings remained as mayor for three years, twice being elected unanimously by his council. Mr. Lough occupied the town clerk's chair until 1905 and was considered to have guided the affairs of the borough wisely.

The constitution of Timaru as a borough followed a long battle for autonomy. In November 1865, the town won individuality as a municipality but continued to come under provincial government control. Seventeen candidates were nominated in October for the nine seats that would make up the Timaru Municipal Council. Mr. Hewlings, although only in the middle order of the poll, was elected chairman because he was one of the longest-serving residents in the community.

The constitution of the Municipal Council put an end to the Timaru Roads Board, which was charged with the upkeep of streets, with the council taking over that organisation's liabilities and assets. However, the Municipal Council was ineffective, having to ask the government for assistance for anything it needed. Three years later, it left the new borough council the unhappy legacy of a virtually unserviced town. It was in debt to the tune of £500, and on August 24, 1868, it struck a rate of one shilling in the pound on all rateable property and instructed the town clerk to prepare a rating list for the borough.

As quickly as it could, the council prepared its rate demands, but was then faced with the problem of collecting them. It was not until March 1869 that a valuation roll was completed, and the council could look forward to some reliability of income. Until then, it was forced to rely on a bank overdraft to meet its commitments. The council's first meeting was held in the Club Hotel, but it then moved to the Mechanics Institute in North St. A section behind the Bank of New Zealand was purchased as a site for council offices, and the building on the site served the council for about a decade.

Plans were then made to construct new offices on the same site – almost directly opposite Barnard St – and the foundation stone was laid on March 1, 1877, amid much criticism from the public and councillors. The existing council offices were built in 1912 and subsequently enlarged to cover the frontage of King George Place between Barnard St and Latter St.

In terms of public works, the council was fortunate to have a strong and cheap labour force at its disposal – prisoners from the Timaru Gaol on Heaton St. Early records show repeated requests for this labour, and most of the streets south of North St were formed originally by the convicts. King St and Craigie Ave were also cut from the clay by the prisoners, but the final forming was done under contract.

The Timaru, Often carried 400-500 emigrant passengers to New Zealand. Built 1874, Wrecked 22/02/1907 Fjaltring, West Jutland, with the loss of 16 lives.  . Crew of the sailing ship Timaru standing at her bow. She is in the graving dock at Port Chalmers.. De Maus, David Alexander, 1847-1925 :Shipping negatives. Ref: 1/1-002447-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22856935.

The Timaru

The sailing ship "Timaru" was built in 1874 by Scott & Co., Greenock, Scotland for Patrick Henderson's Albion Line. She was an iron sailing ship with three masts, 1,306 tons, 73 m (239 ft) long, 11 m (36 ft) breadth, and had a depth of 6 m (21 ft). The Timaru was built and fitted up expressly for carrying passengers to New Zealand, frequently landing 400-500 passengers at Dunedin from Scotland. The Timaru was launched on 9 Dec 1874. Between 1875 and 1896 she made 15 voyages to New Zealand, 11 to Port Chalmers, Dunedin. The voyage of the Timaru to New Zealand took 74-106 days depending on weather conditions.

Timaru was an iron full-rigged skysail yarder, built by Scott of Greenock on the River Clyde and launched in December during the harsh winter of 1874. It was commissioned by Patrick Henderson & Co of the Albion Line along with her sister-ships Oamaru; Dunedin; Auckland. At this time full-rigged sailing ships were still being built in Scotland but steam-ships were beginning to replace them. The ship was initially named the Scotia but was later re-named Timaru in honour of the port in New Zealand, whose Rowing Club was founded in the same year as the ship’s launch. Measuring 239 feet in length it had a capacity to hold five-hundred passengers on the emigration route to the New World. It was later converted with a refrigeration system so that it could be used to transport frozen meat - particularly lamb - from New Zealand.

"The Timaru was owned/operated by the Albion Line from 1875, Shaw Savill & Albion Co. from 1883, South African Supply & Cold Storage Co, London from 1899 and E. B. Aaby of Drammen, Norway fromn 1906. She was wrecked near Fjaltring, W Jutland, on a voyage from Flushing to Christiania, with the loss of 16 lives and a valuable cargo on 22 Feb 1907." - https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/victorian-pre-raphaelite-british-impressionist-art-l15132/lot.84.html

The sailing ship `Timaru', at Port Chalmers. Copy negative taken by David Alexander De Maus off one of his own prints. The ship `Timaru' was built in 1874 for the Albion Line. Sold in 1900, she was wrecked in 1907.  Sailing ship Timaru. De Maus, David Alexander, 1847-1925 :Shipping negatives. Ref: 1/4-010167-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23173479

The Otago Daily Times - 1876 Voyage to NZ - ARRIVAL OF THE TIMARU.

The announcement of the arrival of the Albion Company's ship Timaru at the Heads was made early yesterday forenoon, with the signal - all well on board. She was just due, for in the case of a vessel of her size, power, and sailing qualities, and also being in what may be termed "immigrants' trim," that is, lightly burdened with cargo, 85 days from port to port is a good average passage. The Timaru was brought up harbour by Geelong, and moored pro tem. off the Railway Pier, this proceeding demonstrating that the immigrants on board had arrived in good health. The official inspection of the ship having been made, the Press reporters and Cartain Logan, the Company's marine Superintendent, boarded her and, the usual amenities exchanged with the Captain. The pressmen were conducted through the immigrants' quarters by the Surgeon-Superintendent, Dr Crauford, an old acquaintance, who visited the Port last year in the same capacity in the Nelson. The inspection on the part of the Press was merely a formal affair, for there was nothing to be noted but the extreme of cleanliness and good order, with healthy; respectable, contented looking men, women, and children thronging the ship above and below deck. The single men's and single women's quarters, forwards and aft, were fitted up as comfortably as could be desired, with lots of space and ventilation, and light ad libitum. The married people amidships were, of course, a little more crowded, but on the whole were comfortable and clean. In reply to our interrogatories, the immigrants one and all spoke in downright terms of laudation relative to the passage and their entertainment on board. A kind and considerate doctor and captain was the character bestowed upon the two superiors of the ship. And the good feeling was reciprocal, for both captain and doctor spoke well of those they had in charge, and recommended them as a superior class of people. The matron, Miss Hamilton, had a good word for her particular charges, who are mostly of the farm and domestic servant class. Healthy, robust, and not forward, was our estimate o£ the bevy of lasses who held possession of the poop deck, and gazed curiously and longingly at the pleasant shore of their adopted land. The young men appeared to be a strapping set of fellows. and upon the doctor's showing were mostly labourers. It would be quite superfluous to comment upon the Timaru's appointments. She has been here before, and now, as then, everything appertaining to immigrants' offices, fittings, &c., is en regle.

She left Glasgow with 351 souls on board, of whom 45 were married couples, 118 single men, 74 single women, 61 children between the ages of one and twelve years, and 13 infants under one year. Classifying them according to their nationalities, we find 153 Scotch, 114 Irish, 60 English, and 18 Welsh. Sixty-three were nominated, viz., 27 of the married people, 24 of the single women, and 12 of the single men. The total number now in not quite as it was at the outset of the passage, for there were four deaths and two births, and thus the number of souls brought is only 349, exclusive of six cabin passengers. The deaths were as follows:- August 21st, Margaret Anne Norris, aged 2½ years, of head affection. August 31st, Isaac Smith, aged 17 months, head affection, connected with dentition. September 19th, James Bowler, aged seven months, teething. October 1st, H. Powell, aged three months, debility. The births were, firstly, August 30th - Mrs Ferguson, of a daughter; and, September 8th - Mrs Russel, of a daughter.

The Timaru comes here this time in command of Captain Taylor, a young and rising master, who served his apprenticeship under Patrick Henderson and Co.'s well-known flag. Concerning the passage, he reports, leaving Glasgow July 26th, dropped the tug off Sanda Light next day at 1 a.m , and stood down St. George's Channel with a light breeze at N.N.W., passed the Calf-of-Man light in the evening, and Tuscar on the 28th at 11 p.m.; wind so far light, variable, and northerly. It then took westing, and until the 39th parallel of latitude was crossed, held chiefly at south and S.W., then went round to north, and gradually merged into the N.E. Trade. The latter proved moderate, the ship averaging 190 miles per day, and it finally died away in latitude 15 north, August 4th. Two days anterior to this, the ship passed within sight of San Antonio, one of the De Verdes. Southerly winds, varying between S.W. and S.E. by S., were experienced from the N.E. Trade over a belt of thirteen degrees to the S.E. Trade, the latter being met in 2deg. N., August 28th. Next day the ship crossed the Equator in 26 W. longitude. The trade hung very much to the southward, and set her away to the westward, necessitating tacking several times to weather the Abrulhos rocks. It gave out in 23 S., but the wind still hung southerly until she touched the 38th parallel, when it freed a little and she made better progress. On the 50th. day out she crossed the meridian of Greenwich, with strong westerly winds, lat. 41, and that of the Cape three days later. Thence her run across the Southern Ocean was marked by changeable weather and variable winds. Good westerlies stuck to her until she breasted the Crozets, when the wind hauled to the southward, and for five days backed and filled between S.S.E. and N.E. Then the westerlies regained ascendancy, and continued so, more or less, until October 10th, when she was 800 miles west of the Snares. Thence to the land the wind veered and hauled between S.E. and north by the east, the northerly winds being marked by very thick weather. Two heavy gales - one from S.E. and the other from N.E. - were weathered. As the weather was very thick, she did not sight the Snares in passing them, and made her first landfall on the mainland south of the Nuggets on Wednesday. No ice was sighted, and she ran down her longitude down on about the 45th parallel. The Timaru brings about 1000 tons of cargo, weight and measurement, and will be moored this morning at the Railway Pier for discharging. Her immigrants will be sent to Caversham to-day.

Source: Otago Daily Times, Issue 4580, 21 October 1876, page 2.

No shipwreck could be complete with out some stowaway pests!

Christchurch based sculpture Donald Patterson created two gnarly looking rats biting their way out of grain sacks to give kids some fun at the Caroline Bay Playground.

New Zealand has no native rats, and three kinds came here on the early sailing ships and since then have caused widespread distruction.

• The Kiore, the first documented wild rodent in New Zealand, was brought by Polynesian settlers in 1250-1300 AD. Very few kiore now survive on the mainland as more aggressive European rodents have replaced them.
• Captain James Cook logs the first sighting of the Waitoreke in 1772, a native land mammal cryptid.
• The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), also known as brown or water rats) and house mouse are introduced by early Pākehā settlers in the late 1700s and 1824.
• The ship rat (Rattus rattus, also known as black or roof rats), arrived in the late 1800s, but these did not become established until after the 1860s.

Every bit of bush in the North and South islands harbours house mice (Mus musculus), sometimes in plague numbers. By eating insects and fallen seeds and berries, mice deprive many native ground-feeding animals of food.

• Mice will eat almost anything! They eat invertebrates, seeds, fruits, leaves, birds’ eggs, fish eggs, chicks and insect larvae
• When mice first arrived in NZ, people had never seen them before and called them “Henriettas” after the ship "Elizabeth Henrietta" they came from Australia to New Zealand in 1824.
• All mice and rats are called kiore in Te Reo.

With the rise in population of introduced rodents and other pests like stoats, cats, deer, goats, pigs, and wasps, came the sudden decline of many native bird and bat species.

Rat Sacks by sculpture Donald Patterson (who also created Timaru's iconic Captain Cain sculpture).

Mantell, Walter Baldock Durrant, 1820-1895 :MotuMotu, Timaru. Oct 20 Friday 1848. - natlib.govt.nz/234057

1848 - Looking south along the beach line near Timaru towards a figure on the beach at a small campsite with a boat drawn up on shore. Mantell's three Maori porters are walking above the beach on flat land studded with cabbage trees towards a low hill - C-103: Mantell, Walter Baldock Durrant, 1820-1895 :Scrapbook. 1840-1872.

LEFT The home of George and Elizabeth Rhodes, the first European house in Timaru. This photo was taken years later after the surrounding buildings were built, including the Timaru Landing Services Building. RIGHT A branding iron used at the Levels run to brand sheep and wool bales photo taken of it in display at the SC Museum. In 1850s is was compulsory to brand sheep and to build sheep dipping facilities. This is where the area Washdyke gets its European name. Photography courtesy of Roselyn Fauth. 

The early European settlers in Timaru were a group of interesting and hardy characters, bold enough to tackle a new life in a part of the world unknown and far removed from home.

In 1851 the Rhodes brothers (George, William and Robert) established the Levels sheep run, becoming the area’s first long-term European inhabitants. When George and his wife Elizabeth arrived, they lived in the first European cottage on the shore in Timaru. They then moved to the Levels, a successful sheep run and by 1854 they had 13,200 sheep on the three runs and 4,000 on a forth, a 25,000 acre block at Otipua.

Whaler Samuel Williams, his wife Ann and daughter Rebecca returned to Timaru in 1856. They moved to the Rhodes cottage, and subsequently Timaru's first European baby William Williams was born. His cradle was a gin case. The first edition of the Timaru Herald was also printed in his kitchen. A plaque comemorates this site at the Timaru Landing Services Building. 

In 1855 James ‘Jock’ McKenzie was accused of stealing 1000 sheep from the Levels run. He escaped from jail twice before being eventually pardoned.

Captain Henry Cain arrived in 1857, opening the first store (on behalf of HJ LeCren) and the first landing service. After being on the first council, Cain became Mayor of Timaru from 1870-73. He was  poisoned by his son-in-law.

Lieutenant (later Captain) Belfield Wollcombe arrived in 1857 and was the first magistrate and lived in a house in Waimātaitai Lagoon called The Ashbury with his wife, son and five daughters. He had been a naval officer and later joined the harbour board. His eldest daughter Laura Russell Woollcombe is thought to be the first New Zealander to become a qualified nurse. Her certificate was presented to her by Florence Nightingale.

The population continued to grow, and in 1859 120 settlers arrived on the Strathallan directly from the United Kingdom. By 1866 the population was around 1000.

30 years after the first sheep station was established in South Canterbury, the first export of frozen meat left Timaru for the United Kingdom in 1882. It was a huge turning point for the local economy and brought wealth into the area. Learn more here

However, the treacherous sea continued to cause issues for these early settlers, with around 22 ships believed to have been wrecked between 1865-1890.

Eliot, Whately. (1874). Landing place, Timaru, N.Z., October 1874 launching boat to take soundings Retrieved June 5, 2023, from Sketches in New Zealand and other places: http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-138582675

Section of an 1875 map of Timaru showing the two landing service sites.

Shows coastline from the sea from the north, with houses set near the water both at water's edge and higher up. There is some mist on the water in foreground. Hurt, Theodore Octavius fl 1860-1871 :Timaru, Canterbury N.Z. [1861-1871 - natlib.govt.nz/100087

Photograph of Flockton Well near the corner of George St and the Great North Road (Stafford St), between April and December 1868. It is viewed looking along George St to the west. The original wooden Bank of New Zealand building is visible on the corner (centre of image), with Clarkson and Turnbull across the road (left of centre) and the Club Hotel and Flockton Well in the foreground at the left-hand side of the image. There is a man standing on the well and two boys in front of it. The Russell Ritchie and Co. building is on the right corner. The photograph is mounted on a card backing with the photographers' details and "View Up George St., Timaru." handwritten on lower edge. There are also handwritten labels on the top and lower edges of the mount (with small arrows pointing to the appropriate site) that identify the buildings. - nzmuseums.co.nz/3359/flockton-well-corner-of-george-st-and-the-great-north-road South Canterbury Museum

James Stephen Keith's Sailmaker and Ships Chandler Store in Strathallan St, Timaru, circa 1895. Mr Keith, two other men, and a boy (with dog) are posed standing outside his store. 1890-1900 - South Canterbury Museum

Timaru, 1875, Dunedin, by Burton Brothers, Alfred Burton. Te Papa (C.014371)

Street scene, Timaru, 1900-1903, Timaru, by Muir & Moodie. Purchased 1998 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (PS.002141) https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/324007

Section of the above postcard. Alfred Budd senior was a pastrycook and confectioner. He ran tearooms at the south end of Stafford Street, the Arcade Cafe, and Budd’s Tea Kiosk at Caroline Bay, as well as providing catering services.

Looking down Stafford Street to George St intersection, Club Hotel and Bank of New Zealand on the Corner, Timaru, New Zealand, by Muir & Moodie. Te Papa (C.014724)

Token, 1865, Timaru, by Clarkson & Turnbull. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. The reverse of the token shows a view of a ship in harbour, behind a breakwater, underneath the title 'Timaru.' The harbour at Timaru was unsafe for vessels in high winds until the construction of a breakwater, a project that did not begin until 1879. Te Papa (NU005401)

The firm of Clarkson and Turnbull was founded in 1863 at Timaru. The Principals were David Clarkson and Richard Turnbull. David Clarkson had previously been associated with two Christchurch businesses that issued trade tokens. His brother, Samuel Clarkson, issued tokens in 1857, advertising his business as an importer of building materials. The business David and his wife Elizabeth Clarkson had run in Christchurch before moving to Timaru, a drapery business known as Dunstable House, was bought by William Pratt in 1864. Pratt issued trade tokens promoting his store in the period between 1864 and 1872. The other partner, Richard Turnbull, was a farmer for eleven years before he entered into partnership with Clarkson. 'Richard Turnbull was born at Oxford, England in 1826, and arrived in New Zealand by the Fatima in 1851. He was farming at Riccarton for eleven years prior to his engagement in partnership in a general store at Timaru.' Timaru was only declared a Port of Entry in 1861, so it was still quite a young settlement when Clarkson and Turnbull opened their store. The business was the first to export flour from Timaru 'which since then has been continuous.'  The partnership was disrupted on 9 December 1868 by a fire that consumed their premises, among a total of 30 buildings destroyed. - https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/1898

Richard’s impact on Timaru is still with us today. In 1876 six hundred people attended a meeting which appointed a committee of twelve to investigate the building of a harbour breakwater. The meeting was held in the stone store that is today's Timaru Theatre Royal. Richard later served on the Timaru Harbour Board during some of its formative years. Two of Richard’s son’s also established a significant presence in the town. James Turnbull became a local architect. David Clarkson Turnbull founded the long-running grain and shipping agency, D C Turnbull & Company that still operates in Timaru today.

Miles (Archer) and Co Ltd, Seed, Grain & General Merchants, Timaru. A traction engine with four wagons loaded with wool bales posed outside Miles & Co Limited, Strathallan Street, Timaru, post 1895. Several men are standing along the front of the engine and wagons, while the driver sits on the engine. Another horse and cart, with a sign that reads "John Mee Coal Merchant" and also loaded with wool bales, appears at the rear of the wagons. A house also appears on the hill in the background, Terrace, The, Timaru. 

DC Turnbull & Co. purchased the former Miles Archer & Co stores in Strathallan Street in 1901 and proceeded to erect new offices on the site. Previously Miles Archer had occupied the site since the mid-1860s; John Mee (died 1916) ran the business for many years before taking it over in 1895 after Miles Archer & Co went into liquidation. The large site, over three acres in extent at the turn of the 20th century, spanned The Terrace and included brick stores and a private railway siding. The company traded in wool, grain and coal, as well as general produce. New brick buildings were erected by Miles Archer in 1877-78 and 1880-81; the former a two-storey structure likely on the west side of The Terrace and, it is assumed, the latter of three storeys on the subject site. In May 1881 it was reported that a tramway to connect the company’s buildings was created by tunnelling under The Terrace. David Clarkson Turnbull (1868-1951) founded the merchant and export company DC Turnbull & Co. in 1894; the business had previously been located beside the Royal Hotel in Cain’s Terrace. Turnbull was also a director of the Timaru Harbour Board. The eastern part of the tramway tunnel is said to have been used as an air raid shelter during World War II; the tramway turntable immediately to the east of the building site appears to have survived at least until the 1980s. The property is still held by DC Turnbull & Co., with the offices in use although the stores are largely vacant. In recent years conservation work has been undertaken on the site. - timaru.govt.nz/Miles-Archer-and-Co-DC-Turnbull-and-Co.-stores

Stencils used by DC Turnbulls Timaru. Phy By Roselyn Fauth 2023

 Sextant DC Turnbulls Timaru. Phy By Roselyn Fauth 2023

 'Advancement' was built in 1868 and renamed in 1905 as 'Selwyn Craig' and later 'Prince John'. In the latter of its career served as a hulk at Auckland until it sank with a load of coal at Chelsea. - DC Turnbulls Timaru. Phy By Roselyn Fauth 2023

A view on the beach, Timaru 1893-12-09 taken by William Ferrier - View this issue on Papers Past: paperspast/1893/12/09 - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZG-18931209-0481-01

"A VIEW ON TIMARU BEACH. A PICTURE in black and white can never do absolute justice to a scene like the beach at Timaru, which derives so much of its beauty from its brilliant colouring. But so far as photography and engraving may go, our reproduction goes, and it really gives a very admirable idea of the beach of one of our pleasantest watering places. The climate of Timaru is famous even in New Zealand, and on a bright day it would be very hard to find in the colony a brighter or more beautiful scene than Timaru Beach. Our picture is a reproduction of one of Mr Ferrier’s excellent photographs." - paperspast/NZGRAP18931209.2.2

“New Zealand Shipping Company” (NZSCo) operated passenger and cargo services between Great Britain and New Zealand between from 1873 to 1973. The company was founded in 1873, by a group of Christchurch businessmen, and these were; Hugh Murray-Aynsley and John Coster. There were seven initial directors, including George Gould Snr, Coster, John Thomas Peacock, William Reeves, and John Anderson. The company gradually established a fleet of vessels, with each ship having been given a Maori name. As of 1875 the NZSCo ships new livery had black hulls, a white superstructure and slender tall yellow funnels. Then in 1882, the company’s ships were equipped with refrigeration and a frozen meat service commenced from New Zealand to England, which was a huge financial success.

South Canterbury Jubilee dinner at Timaru, 1909. Shows guests at a dinner held in the Drill Hall, with men and women seated at long tables. Flags hang along a wall. A banner compares import, export, mutton, and wool statistics of 1859 and 1909. Photographer unidentified. Toned silver gelatin print. - natlib.govt.nz/338563

Issued one shilling 'Timaru' Canterbury Centennial stamp. Bradbury, Wilkinson & Co. Ltd.; printer; 1950; London. The New Zealand Post Museum Collection, Gift of New Zealand Post Ltd. 1992

Timaru Herald, Timaru compelled to struggle for exsistence (06 Aug 1985). Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 23/06/2023, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/799

Mr William Vance Traces History of Caroline Bay (12 Mar 1957). Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 23/06/2023, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/358

From Whaling Station to Holiday Resort - Caroline Bay (07 Jan 1978). Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 23/06/2023, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/314

Ever noticed that the intersecting roads along North Street don't line up? That's because early Timaru was divided. Rhodes town was on the North of North St, and Government down  was on the south. Both areas were laid out by different surveyors and planners. The first recorded plan of the townshpi of Timaru is B.M.306 signed by Cass in 1860. Cass instructed Hewlings to carry out the survey in 1856. 

Timaru Roll 71 / TR71, with notes on the history of TR 71 and Black Map 306. Aperture card available. Town of Timaru. NZ Heritage Maps Platform, accessed 19/07/2023. Held by: Archives New Zealand/Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga, Christchurch Regional Office. Archway Record CodeR22668789  https://maps.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/331 

Variations on the spelling of Timaru

1839 Weller Octavius Harwood - Temudu and Temurdu
1840 Hemplemann - Timaroo
1840 Map - Timaroo
Maori map SI - Timarou
1841 Halswell - Timarou
1842 Shipwreck report - Temaroo
1846 The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian - Timuoru
1847 Williams - Timiro
1848-1850 Admiralty maps - Timaru
1849 Torlesse Papers - Temudu
1851 Lyttelton Times - Timaru Bay
1852 Lyttelton Times - Timaru
1855 Hewlings - Timaru
1857 Archdeacon Harper - Te Maru
1858 Maritime Record - Timaroo
1984 Port Tug - Te Maru
Te Tihi-o-Maru

See a spreadsheet compiled by Geoff Cloake: Timaru-Early-names

Beattie, who settled in Waimate, interviewed several South Island Maori elders about placenames during the 1920s and 30s. His book refers to Timaru as meaning "sheltered cabbage tree", and says the name Timaru is probably a local adaptation of "tumaru", meaning "shady". However, Archdeacon Harper in 1957 referred to Caroline Bay having "a Maori name, Te Maru". In 1842 there was a report of a shipwreck on "Long Beach, Timaroo, about 90 miles to the Southward of Akaroa". Author OA Gillespie, in South Canterbury A Record of Settlement mentions ti being Maori for cabbage tree and maru being interpreted as shelter.

A stormy sea, Timaru by William Ferrier, 1897-09-11 - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZG-18970911-0356-02

The Benvenue moored to a buoy 1880. The Benvenue was an iron full rigged ship of 999 tons. Built in 1867 by Messrs. Barclay, Curle and Company of Glasgow.  https://tiaki.natlib.govt.nz/#details=ecatalogue.195296

The wrecks at Timaru, New Zealand : the ships on shore. - wood engraving by Cooke, A. C. (Albert Charles), 1836-1902  - June 17, 1882 - slv.vic.gov.au/permalink/f/1cl35st/SLV_ROSETTAIE737295

The Ben Venue (left) and City of Perth (right) ships in Caroline Bay. The Ben Venue was wrecked at Caroline Bay in May 1882. The city of Perth collided with the wreckage and also ran aground but was eventually refloated carrying over 5000 sacks of milling wheat from newly broken in farms of the area. Photographer J Dickie Courtesy South Canterbury Museum 2014/056.01

With the increase in sea trade came an increase in danger and disaster. The sea in this part of the New Zealand coastline was treacherous, with strong swells and sudden, unpredictable changes in the weather. The swells threatened ships anchored offshore, and by the time the Harbour Board was first formed in 1877 more than twenty ships had wrecked around the Timaru Coastline.

Not only did the wrecks threaten lives, cargo and rising insurance premiums, they also hurt Timaru's reputation as a viable export hub. There was a lot of intense debate on whether Timaru should have a port and if it did how it would proceed. There was also a difficult choice on where to anchor ships. They were safer out at sea when a gale picked up, but this made loading and unloading more inefficient
Construction eventually began in 1878 on a breakwater, with 630 ton/400 cubic yards of concrete poured in situ. This original breakwater still stands today, though has been extended and modified over the years.

When disaster struck on May 14 1882, many people reaffirmed their support for the harbour. Nine lives were lost when the Ben Venue and the City of Perth both ran aground in heavy sea swells. All the ships’ cargo was lost in the disaster too, drastically damaging the local industry. The City of Perth was carrying over 5000 sacks of wheat, while the Ben Venue had over 500 tons of coal onboard. While anchored in the bay, huge rollers unexpectedly hit and knocked out anchors on both ships. The Ben Venue drfited first, with the City of Perth running aground and smashing into the Ben Venue shortly after.

Thousands of people had gathered on the shore and watched helpless as the devastation unfolded. Both ships had successfully evacuated with everyone ashore, but regrettably the harbourmaster, Captain Alexander Mills, made the call to attempt to salvage the City of Perth. Once aboard they quickly realized this was a fruitless endeavour. After launching their own lifeboats these too capsized, throwing 40 men into the water.

It wasn’t until the next day that they were able to ascertain how many lives had been lost. Captain Mills was among those who perished, dying from exposure the following day. He had saved many lives over the years that he was harbourmaster and he left behind his wife Margaret (nee Sinclair), four sons, and three daughters. You can see a stone obelisk monument to the wreck on the corner of Sophia and Perth Streets.

Melbourne : David Syme and Co., June 10, 18821882 Engraving published in Illustrated Australian news. http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/253140 - https://viewer.slv.vic.gov.au/?entity=IE8283546&file=FL21663586&mode=browse

Illustrated Australian News (Melbourne, Vic. : 1876 - 1889), Saturday 10 June 1882, page 85 - nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63185597

 Section from a photograph taken by the Burton Brothers circa 1882; of the "Ben Venue" stranded. In the distance you can see the Caroline Bay coastline before the sand started to accumulate. 
Courtesy Te Papa (C.025205)

Timaru Volunteer Rocket Brigade. Photographer William Ferrier c1882. Courtesy of the South Canterbury Museum  South Canterbury Museum 0844

A Cry for Help the Life Line from the Shore.  A Cry for Help, the Life-Line from the Shore, Rocket Apparatus used by the Volunteer Life Brigade. Illustration for The Illustrated London News, 8 January 1887.

How the Illustrated London News saw rowing lifeboats in action. heartheboatsing.com/for-those-in-peril-on-the-sea/

The wrecks at Timaru, New Zealand: Lifeboats rescuing sailors in heavy surf, one life boat named City of Perth. Wood engraving by Ashton, Julian Rossi, 1851-1942. slv.vic.gov.au/permalink/f/1cl35st/SLV_ROSETTAIE670476

The South Canterbury Museum has an exhibit that includes the Benvenue Bell and medals, the rocket brigade lifesaving launch and the canon that summoned the rocket brigade. Photograpy courtesy of Roselyn Fauth. 

CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEF: The Rocket brigade badge from SC Museum Display; Timaru Ben Venue Stranded (Timaru, "Ben Venue" stranded, stern, circa 1882, Dunedin, by Burton Brothers studio. Te Papa (C.025205). Bravery Medal from SC Museum Display; Benvenue Cliffs where the ship lies below; Section of mural at Caroline Bay by J. Nilson depicting shipwreck; Looking up Benvenue Cliffs to the Blackett Lighthouse. Photography courtesy of Roselyn Fauth. Learn more here

This photograph shows the Ben Venue wreck in the distance wrecked on the basalt rock apron below the cliff c1880s. Curtosey of Te Papa; Timaru, 1880s, Timaru, by Burton Brothers studio. Purchased 1991. Te Papa (O.034179)

ABOVE: The first Flour Mill in South Canterbury was built by John Hayhurst at Milford in 1864. Timaru Herald 11 June 1934 19822. RIGHT Advert taken out in the Oamaru Mail to sell by auction 5000 sacks of prime milling wheat in good order and condition ex City of Perth June 2nd 1882.

Benvenue Monument, Sophia Street, Timaru - Photograph Roselyn Fauth 2024

This memorial, paid for by public subscription, was constructed as a token of gratitude to those involved in an endeavor to rescue the crew of two ships, the Benvenue and the City of Perth that foundered off the coast of Timaru on 14 May 1882.

Unusually heavy seas on 14 May 1882 affected the six vessels anchored in Timaru’s port. Two of these were the Benvenue and City of Perth, which broke their moorings and were driven onto the rocks at the foot of cliffs near Caroline Bay (now called Benvenue Cliffs). The crews took to lifeboats and reached the safety of the breakwater. An attempt was then made to save the drifting City of Perth. A number of surfboats and whaleboats were launched but tragically seven drowned while attempting to secure another anchor for the City of Perth and a further two died subsequently. The City of Perth was refloated, undamaged, but the Benvenue was a total loss. In recognition of the ‘self-sacrificing bravery and daring of scores of men involved in rescue efforts’, it was decided that a monument should be erected to testify such heroism.


Memorial Construction: Built between 1883-1885 to commemorate the efforts, survivors, and deaths from the May 1882 incident. The memorial was funded by public subscription, showing strong community support.

Design and Erection: Designed by Engineer T. Roberts, with the first part (a pedestal) erected by local stonemason S. McBride in 1883. The red Aberdeen granite obelisk, sourced from Scotland, arrived aboard the ship Allegiance in July 1885 and was completed the following month. The same stone appears in St Mary's Church over the road, and for headstones at the Timaru Cemetary.

Memorial Structure: Located at the northern corner of the triangle between Perth Street, Sophia Street, and King George Place.
Features an octagonal base of cut bluestone, rising by six steps to a height of 0.9 meters.
The square pedestal is made of polished dolorite, just over 2 meters high and 1.5 meters square, with panelled sides, moulded base, and a cornice.
Topped by an obelisk of polished red Aberdeen granite, six meters high, with the apex nearly ten meters above ground level.
Includes three brass plates with inscriptions explaining the shipwreck event, listing the names of the nine dead, survivors, and the captains of the two ships.

Controversies and Impact: The siting of the memorial was controversial, with some believing it should have been placed in the cemetery rather than a prominent town location. The shipwrecks led to improvements in the breakwater and port safety. Services and parades have been held at key anniversaries, such as in 1912 and 1932.

Engravings and Plaques: Engraved by Mr. N. Wolfe of Christchurch, the memorial cost a total of £276.
One brass plate lists the names of the rescue attempt survivors, another lists those who perished.
A final plaque specifying the ships’ details was added later.

Importance: Its position outside Timaru’s former post office highlights the importance the town’s residents placed on the memorial. The memorial serves as a testament to the heroism and self-sacrificing bravery of those involved in the rescue efforts.

Benvenue Memorial
Perth Street and Sophia Street, TIMARU
Historic Place Category 2

Photos By Roselyn Fauth 29/06/2024
The historic image: Timaru shipwreck memorial
Source Bessie Powell album, Photographs of monuments, 1927



"Benvenue" Monument
"Greater love hath no man than this. That a man lay down his life for his friends."

This Monument is raised to commemorate generous and noble self-sacrifice of those who gladly encountered the perils of death in the heroic endeavour to save their fellow men on Sunday the 14th May 1882 when the "City of Perth and the Benvenue" were wrecked at Timaru.

"Benvenue"
Master - Captain W.H. McGowan
Iron Sailing Ship
999 tons
Total Loss

"City of Perth"
Master - Captain C. McDonald
Iron Sailing Ship
1189 tons
Refloated

This tablet contains the names of those who perished in the endeavour to save life 14th May 1882.

Alexander Mills Harbour Master Timaru
John Blacklock First Mate "City of Perth"
Robert Gardiner Second Mate "City of Perth"
Donald McLean Carpenter "City of Perth"
William McLern Waterman Timaru
Emanuel Nielson Boatman Timaru
Martin Beach Boatman Timaru
Harry McDonald Boatman Timaru
George Falgar Boatman Timaru


This tablet contains the names of those who survived the endeavour to save life 14th May 1882

Budd, W.
Balsom, R.H.
Bradley, D.
Bradley, I.J.
Bradley, P.
Collins, Robert
Collis, W.
Cracknell, James
Crocome, J.
Davis. George
Findlay, G.
Graham, Christopher
Harford, W.
Hart, T.
Haylock, A. L.
Henneker, J.
Houlihon, J.
Isherwood, J.
Ivey, E.J.
Le Roy, M
McDonald, C.
McIntosh, J.
McKenzie, Francis
McKenzie, W.R.
Martin, T.
Mentac, G.
Moore, Charles
Morgan, T.
Oxby, W.
Passmore, S.J.
Paterson, J.A.
Reid, J.
Shaab, Andrew
Shirtcliffe, G.
Smith, W.S.
Sunnaway, George
Thompson, M.
Thomson, J.
Turnbull, A.B.
Trousselot, Henry
Vogeler, C.
Walls, W.H.

CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEF: The Rocket brigade badge from SC Museum Display; Timaru Ben Venue Stranded (Timaru, "Ben Venue" stranded, stern, circa 1882, Dunedin, by Burton Brothers studio. Te Papa (C.025205). Bravery Medal from SC Museum Display; Benvenue Cliffs where the ship lies below; Section of mural at Caroline Bay by J. Nilson depicting shipwreck; Looking up Benvenue Cliffs to the Blackett Lighthouse.Photography courtesy of Roselyn Fauth. Learn more here

Read more: Benvenue Monument

1896-02-29 - Evans Atlas Flourmill Company; Turnbull Street (Timaru); Flour mills - Timaru photography by William Ferrier - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZG-18960229-0224-02

James Bruce Flour and Saw Mills, Timaru, New Zealand, by Burton Brothers. Te Papa (C.014395)

Imagine all the work it took to break in the new farms and to produce enough crops to export. And imagine the frustration when ships carrying your loads were at risk.

View of a dirt road running through farmland from foreground into distance, there is a line of trees on left of road. Two men and a dog are herding several cows along the road. "Summer day, South Canterbury, N.Z., 1920s-1930s, Dunedin, by George Chance. Purchased 1999 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (O.020654)"

The Timaru Herald – Wednesday, January 14, 2009

Seas took grim toll of ships, lives

The Port of Timaru went through harrowing times between 1866 and 1886, with 28 wrecks or strandings. The first wreck was in December 1866 when the 35-ton schooner Prince Consort capsized in a heavy sea, but the worst year of all was 1882 when, within just four months, four vessels of considerable size went ashore and nine lives were lost. On January 15, the City of Cashmere, an iron ship of nearly 1000 tons, began drifting. Its cargo was salvaged, but the ship became a total loss, and its bones lay on the beach for many years after. On May 2, the Duke of Sutherland, a wooden barque of 1047 tons, was lying in the roadstead, heavily laden with wheat. Riding in breakers, it bumped the bottom, sprang a leak, and sank.

On Black Sunday, May 14, 1882, the air was still, but rollers were sweeping in. Five ships were in port, including the Benvenue (999 tons) and City of Perth (1189 tons) at the inner anchorage, 800 meters from the breakwater. The Benvenue, with two anchors out, rolled so badly that its cargo shifted and gave it a list, and at about 11 a.m., it signaled that it was drifting. The crew left the ship and rowed to the City of Perth, and the Benvenue struck the rock apron at the cliff and turned broadside on. Almost immediately, the City of Perth began drifting, and four boats, including one from the Benvenue, left the ship and reached the breakwater.

So far, the only casualty was a broken leg and other injuries from which the mate of the City of Perth died later in hospital. A boat manned by sailors from the wrecked Duke of Sutherland and other vessels had rowed out to offer assistance and had returned safely. Before the City of Perth was abandoned, an anchor attached to a rope hawser had been thrown overboard. This temporarily checked its drift, and harbourmaster Captain Alexander Mills decided to make an attempt to salvage it. Three boats set out for the stricken ship, but before anything could be done, it resumed its drift, and the boats made for shore.

Two of the boats were near shelter when the lifeboat capsized, and the others turned back to render assistance. A big sea swamped the rescuing boats, and more than 20 men were left clinging to the craft. The port's lifeboat, Alexandra, was pressed into service after 13 years and picked up all the men, only to be overturned by a breaker. It was righted three times but capsized a further three times. Righted a fourth time, it picked up all the men who could be found and brought them to safety. A surfboat went to the rescue but was unmanageable and anchored after picking up three men. Another crew took the lifeboat out again, but it capsized and returned to shore. A third crew was brought in, and they brought the occupants of the surfboat back to the breakwater, but seven men were missing.

One of those who lost their lives was Mills, who died from exhaustion after being brought to the breakwater. A monument was erected in Sophia Street in memory of those who lost their lives and in tribute to those who took part in the lifesaving endeavors. The last shipwreck to occur within the area was that of the Holmglen on November 24, 1959. The 485-ton vessel foundered 35 kilometers southeast of Timaru, with the loss of 15 officers and crew.

Between 1866 and 1886, the Port of Timaru faced numerous shipwrecks and strandings, with 28 recorded incidents. The most tragic year was 1882 when four significant vessels were wrecked, and nine lives were lost.

• The article details notable wrecks like the City of Cashmere, Duke of Sutherland, Benvenue, and City of Perth.
• Black Sunday on May 14, 1882, saw the tragic wreck of both the Benvenue and the City of Perth. Rescue attempts were marred by difficult conditions, with seven men losing their lives, including the harbourmaster, Captain Alexander Mills.
• The Alexandra lifeboat was pressed into service but faced multiple capsizings.
• The last shipwreck near Timaru was the Holmglen in 1959, which claimed the lives of 15 crew members.
• A memorial was erected on Sophia Street to honor those who perished in the rescue attempts and shipwrecks.

  Ships Lost at or Near the Port of Timaru (1866–1886)

1. 1866 Dec 20 - Prince Consort, schooner, 35 tons
2. 1868 Feb 4 - William Miskin, steamer
3. 1868 Jun 13 - Despatch, brigantine, 139 tons
4. 1869 May 24 - Collingwood, barque, 457 tons
5. 1869 - Susan Jane, barque, 181 tons
6. 1870 Jun 8 - Layard, brig, 175 tons
7. 1870 Jun 21 - Aurora, schooner, 42 tons
8. 1873 Aug 27 - Fairy Queen, brig, 214 tons
9. 1873 - Duke of Edinburgh, schooner, 77 tons
10. 1873 - Wanderer, ketch, 32 tons
11. 1873 Sep 10 - Lady of the Lake, steamer, 66 tons
12. 1875 May 9 - Cyrene, barque, 527 tons
13. 1875 - Princess Alice, brig, 268 tons
14. 1877 Apr 19 - Isabella Ridley, barque, 233 tons
15. 1877 Dec 22 - Craig Ellachie, brig, 266 tons
16. 1878 Sep 1 - Melrose, barque, 287 tons
17. 1878 Sep 1 - Lapwing, brig, 231 tons
18. 1878 Sep 1 - Fanny, ketch, 25 tons
19. 1878 - Glimpse, ketch, 39 tons
20. 1879 Jun 29 - Akbar, brig, 230 tons
21. 1879 - Pelican, schooner, 74 tons
22. 1879 Nov 21 - John Watson, schooner
23. 1881 May 1 - Amaranth, schooner, 51 tons
24. 1882 Jan 15 - City of Cashmere, ship, 980 tons
25. 1882 May 2 - Duke of Sutherland, ship, 1047 tons
26. 1882 May 14 - Benvenue, ship, 991 tons
27. 1882 May 14 - City of Perth, ship, 1189 tons
28. 1886 Jun 12 - Lyttelton, ship, 1111 tons

Refloated Ships:

• Aurora, Duke of Edinburgh, Lady of the Lake, Lapwing, Glimpse, Pelican, City of Perth.

It is said that many gutter culverts in Timaru are hull-plates from wrecks. - The New Zealand Guide by Edward Stewart Dollimore - 1952

The Timaru roadstead was treacherous winds and reefs. From November 1865 until 1890, it was the graveyard of 28 ships.

1842 Lady Mary Pelham. French Whaler. 2 September 1842. Had been wrecked on Long Beach, Tinaroo, about 90 miles to the southward of Akaroa, all hands perished. It is said that she had a large quantity of oil on board.

1864 Herald Beached 10 miles north of Timaru because of a fire. Principal cargo bottled beer was lost. 16 January 1864, beached ten miles north of Timaru. An iron cask and a coach were thrown overboard, but the principal cargo, bottled beer, was lost. 
1866 Prince Consort. Schooner. 35 tons. When lying at anchor at Timaru on 20 Dec. She dragged her anchor and became a wreck. Capsized when her ballast shifted. She was washed over the reef, broke up in the night, and was sold for £73. Three men were on board, and two of them, with the efficient aid rendered by the Alexandra life-boat, were fortunately rescued. Wrecked 
1868 William Miskin Steamer 115 tons. Went ashore at Timaru on 4th February. Built at Kingston upon Hull in UK in 1852, went ashore at Timaru on 4th February 1868 when under command of Capt Bain. Just before the fires were put out, a heavy sea swept the deck, washing overboard one of the sailors, a man named John M'Donald. Took tho ground within a few yards of the rocky promontory, on Mr. Belfield's property (Ashbury Park). The ship was thrown onto the beach a few yards from Mr Belfeilds property and twelve hands to got to shore safely.  She broke in two when the last man had to leave. Sailor, John McDonald was swept overboard and drowned. Fragments of the ship, iron plates, chests, luggage, tines of kerosine were strewn up the beach. The ship had visted the Timaru roadstead many times, including bringing gold, mined from the Westcoast. The wreck happened when the district experienced gales and floods. It was "smashed to atoms" Wrecked 
1868 Despatch Brigantine 139 tons. Went ashore at Timaru on June 13th - Carrying livestock Carried the first white woman to South Canterbury, Mrs William Hornbrook. Drifted ashore in a gale after she arrived from the Chathams. 
1869 Collingwood Barque 457 tons. anchored too close in-shore, had loaded 1,225 sacks of wheat. Wrecked in Timaru Harbour on 23rd May when anchors dragged. Wrecked  
1869 Susan Jane Barque 181 tons. Wrecked in Timaru Harbour on 23rd May when anchors dragged. Carrying building timbers from Mercury Bay but only landed a little. The remainder littered the beach. Wrecked  Carrying timber
1870 Layard. Brigantine 175 tons. Built 1856. Was driven ashore near Timaru when anchor cables parted on June 8th. Wrecked 
1870 Aurora Schooner 42 tons. Refloated 
1873 Fairy Queen Brigantine 175 tons. Parted her cable and was driven ashore at Timaru on 27th August. Cargo of coal from Australia, struck the beach opposite Strathallan Street. A barrel of pitch was set alight on the rocks above to give direction in rescuing the crew. She was sold on the beach for £135.  Wrecked    Carrying coal
1873 Wanderer Ketch 32 tons. Wooden Ship built in Nelson 1871. Two were on board at the time. Edward Breton was washed overboard about an hour before she broke adrift. He was picked up and put m the cabin to recover, and came on deck just after she broke adrift.Driven ashore at Timaru by a cyclone. Wrecked at Timaru when her cables parted on 27th August. cargo of 20S bags of wheat. I originally sailed from Greymouth with a cargo of forty-five tons of coal bound to Timaru. The vessel soon afterwards struck against the brig Fairy Queen, which was ashore. No lives were lost, the three hands being saved by the assistance of men on the beach. Wrecked  
1873 Lady of the Lake Steamer 66 tons. Sept 1873 sprang a leak after leaving Oamaru, struck a reef when she took shelter in the Timaru roadstead, and hit the beach opposite George Street, where she was abandoned. Refloated 
1873 Duke of Endinbrough Schooner 77 tons. Carried 39,956 feet of timber from Auckland for the Temuka bridge. She was sold at auction for £205, refloated from the beach and named the Euphrosyne . Refloated   Carrying timber
1875 Cyrene Barque 527 tons. Run ashore at Timaru on 9th May. The property of Mr. C. W. Turner, of Christchurch, coal laden, from Newcastle. Ship and cargo were fully insured. The Cyrene recently arrived from San Francisco with 18,000 sleepers for the Government railway then being constructed to Temuka. Only a portion of which had been discharged. The Ship and cargo were sold to Captain Cain. Every sleeper was saved, and from these alone Captain Cain must have made a good profit. No lives were lost in the accident. Went on the beach half a cable's length south of Strathallan Street, Timaru The Cyrene was broken up for firewood and some of them sank in the boat channel from the Government Landing Service, where they caused inconvenience by fouling the boat lines, and from time to time these pieces were fished for and dragged out of the way. Wrecked railway sleepers
1875 Princess Alice Brigantine 268 tons. Built 1862. Dragged her anchors at Timaru on 9th May. Eight hundred sacks of wheat from Messrs. Cunningham and Co, who had chartered her for Sydney to load with grain. The hull was purchased by the Government Landing Service and broken up to get it out of the way. It was blocking the travel of shingle - the beach on the north side was scoured away, the Strathallan street sewer damaged, and the Landing service hampered in working and threatened with destruction. No lives were lost in the accident. Wrecked 
1877 Isabella Ridley Barque 233 tons. Wrecked at Timaru on 19th April after dragging her anchors. There was a heavy sea, but no wind. The captain tried to beat out, but had no wind. He then headed for the beach, flying a signal of distress. A rocket was thrown, and the crew were safely landed. About a thousand persons witnessed the affair, it being a calm, lovely, sunny day. The barque crushed all her lower timbers, and soon went to pieces. No fewer than five other boats were drifted in on the same day, but they were not seriously damaged. Built in 1858 by Scott & Sons Co. and owned by Gibbs & Clayton, on voyage from Newcastle to Timaru with 2000 sacks of grain, was wrecked on rocks in front of the Government landing services, Timaru. All 10 were rescued. Wrecked 
1877 Craig Ellachie Brigantine 266 tons. Went ashore Timaru on December 22nd after parting her cables in a gale. Wrecked 
1878 Lapwing Brigantine 231 tons. Min. casualty. False keel knocked Refloated 
1878 Melrose. Barque 287 tons. One death. Sept 3rd.  Laden with coal went ashore at Waimataitai Spit. Captain was washed overboard while attempting to seize a rocket line ; another man was lost Arthur Connolly, rest of the crew saved. Captain Evans, of the Palmerston, was drowned, while attempting to reach the Melrose after the latter vessel struck his vessel. His body was seen floating in front of the Government Landing Service late on Sunday evening Totally wrecked, not a splinter remaining. At the inquiry it was , proved that she was utterly unseaworthy, portions of her beams being "so spongy that you could put your finger clean through." It was only sheer recklessness that induced her owners to send her into an open roadstead like Timaru. The ketch Palmerston, the only one out of the five vessels which were in the roadstead on Sunday morning which is still afloat, Wrecked  
1878 Fanny. Ketch 25 tons Fanny grounded near the harbour landing, allowing the combined crews to make it to shore, before drifting off and colliding with rocks. Three other boats were seriously injured. Wrecked  
1878 Glimpse Ketch 39 tons. Parted her anchor chain in a fierce swell at Timaru. crew abandoned ship and took to Fanny.  The sea lifted the Glimpse high and dry on a shingle bank. She was later able to be repaired and floated.
1879 Akbar Brigantine 230 tons. 5 drowned, struck 1miles beyond Dashing Rocks. Carrying 350 tons of coal.
1879 Pelican Schooner 74 tons. All landed safely. Refloated 
1879 John Watson Schooner 209 tons. Struck on the reefs, on Nov. 20, to the southward of the roadstead when crossing the reef off Bloody Jack's Point. Carrying 220 tons of coal. There was a strong N.E. breeze with a sharp sea.  Wrecked  
1881 Amaranth Schooner 51 tons. Vessel fouled the schooner Circe in a strong gale, and then went ashore. Coal laden, from Greymouth, was wrecked at Timaru. No lives lost. Wrecked  
1882 City of Cashmere Iron ship 980 tons. January 12 1882. A small steamer was unable to tow her, and let her go, when she drifted on to the beach and became a total wreck. Officer in charge of deck censured for not letting go second anchor sooner Ninety, Mile Beach. Wrecked  
1882 Duke of Sutherland Barque 1,047 tons. Sank on 2nd May while at anchor in Timaru roadstead. Struck the ground, starting the stern post, in an unusually heavy sea. In November, 1890, the wreckage of this vessel was broken up by dynamite into handy pieces for lifting, and the wheat with which she had been laden was found to be in an excellent state of preservation. Wrecked 
1882 Ben Venue. Iron ship 999 tons. Sank on 14th May in heavy seas while lying at Timaru roadstead. No lives were lost. Wrecked 
1882 City of Perth Iron ship 1,189 tons. Refloated. When the Ben Venue capsized, the crew made for the City of Perth, but she too lost her anchors and ran aground beside the Ben Venue. The crews took to lifeboats. All would have been well had the harbourmaster not headed for the City of Perth. Getting aboard, he realised the hopelessness of the situation, and some of his men launched a lifeboat. When it capsized 40 men were left struggling in mountainous seas. Nine died.
1886 Lyttelton Iron ship 1,111 tons. Built of  tons sank on 12th June 1886 at Timaru in fair weather. Wrecked 
1892 S.S. Elginshire Steamship 4,579 tons. Grounded on 9th March off Normanby Point south of Timaru in fog. Had 550 tons of meat from Rockhampton, 11,000 mutton carcasses and 300 wool bales shipped at Oamaru.

1958 Kaitoke Refloated 
1969 Holmglen  40 km east of Timaru 15 died. Wrecked 
1973 Delphis Sinks in the Port of Timaru after being crushed against the wharf by a bulk carrier.

Reference: South Canterbury Museum, rootsweb/wrecks, NZGS file ANZSHIPS and Papers Past

Each wreck or beaching was the subject of an inquiry and from such reports a wealth of information is available concerning the beach, the cargoes, working conditions, landing places and the condition of the ships involved. The cargoes also indicate the increase in the production of wool, meat and grain in South Canterbury. Not all of them are described here in detail, but only those of some special interest.

1843

 The first shipwreck was reported from Timaru in the New Zealand Colonist of 2 September 1842 which stated that ‘ The Lady Mary Pelham reports that a French whaler has been wrecked on Long Beach, Timaroo, about 90 miles to the Southward of Akaroa; all hands perished. It is said she had a large quantity of oil on board.’ JNo record of such a wreck can be traced by French Archives, which have a remarkably full list of French whalers in New Zealand waters at that time. It was suggested that this may have been the Gustave, Captain Deglos s whaler, but that vessel, after an absence of two years, returned to Have on 22 July 1843 with a cargo of oil obtained while whaling in Pegasus Bay ‘and the Timaroo Beach’, which implies that after the Wellers left Timaru, whalers still hunted in Caroline Bay. - https://archive.org/stream/gillespie-1958/Gillespie-1958_djvu.txt

By August 1873 a rocket brigade, all volunteers, had saved fifty- one lives. Members of this brigade watched the beach during storms and when ships were in danger. Their life-saving apparatus consisted of two rocket guns which fired lines to ships in distress and so enabled crews to be hauled ashore. This brigade was disbanded when the breakwater was completed. Eight men had also been rescued in the lifeboat Alexandra which was purchased in 1864, but was never a success.

1837

THE LATE WRECK.
TIMARU HERALD, VOLUME VI, ISSUE 170, 16 JANUARY 1867, PAGE 6

[From theTimaru Herald, December 22.]
The unfortunate catastrophe, the wreck of the Prince Consort, which we record today, leads us to enquire into the causes of the accident with a view that precautions should in future be taken to guard against a like disaster.
The main cause which led to the accident was undoubtedly the shift-] ing of the ballast which rendered it quite impossible for the vessel to right, when once, thrown on her beam ends.
She was also imprudently near the shore, but' this of itself r was of small moment, if the ballast had retained its proper position, for with two anchors down, the vessel was perfecdy able to ride out the gale.
We come to this conclusion, on. the ground that some years since, there was a far heavier gale, and tenfold the amount of sea running than on last Thursday, and a small coaster, was lying m the roadstead the whole time and if we remember right, she did not lose a stick, although exposed for something like eighteen hours to the fury of a gale that happily very seldom visits our port.
Since Timaru has been visited by shipping, now some ten or eleven years, this j is the first accident that has occurred, and the like need not occur again if a little precaution was taken m stowing ballast on board small crafts. It has hitherto been the custom to ship for ballast the loose beach shingle which, if stowed, as is often the case, m bulk m the bottom of a vessel, is very likely to shift and thus cause the ship's destruction: and this is as likely to happen on the broad ocean as when lying at anchor. If it is absolutely necessary to carry the shingle ballast, it surely would not he a difficult matter to retain it m its right position, and thus secure a great additional safeguard.
A warning like the present does good m the end, for it will make masters more careful as to the ballasting of their crafts, and may be the means of saving lite and property which otherwise might be sacrificed if the present system has gone on with.
We were glad to observe the expeditious manner the Alexandra lifeboat was taken out of the shed and put off to the rescue of the shipwrecked crew but a little over a quarter of an hour elapsed from the vessel capsizing to the lifeboat being alongside the wreck.
This time, even, would have been shortened by. one third, if the lifeboat could have been launched direct from the shed into the water, but the ground m front of the shed is m such a broken state that it was impossible to take the boat over it. The piling and filling m of the whole fore-shore from the old landing place to the Government shed is urgently required, and.the Government should lose no time m causing it to be done. We must not omit to recognise the hearty efforts made. by a number of volunteers m assisting to get the lifeboat into the water, and also of these few men who stepped forward to man the boat; but although their conduct was most manly and praiseworthy, the chief boatman did right in', refusing their services, and taking with him his own tried crew.
If fact, he could not have acted otherwise, as both himself and crew are specially engaged to man the lifeboat when needed. Last, though not least, we must call attention to. one gallant fellow, Mrßertrand, who sw,am through the surf to the rescue of a fellow-creature.
Such an action deserves special mention, for instances of manly courage are not now-a--days, m this quiet part of the world, of such frequent occurrence as to afford to pass over them unnoticed. A Royal Humane Society's medal has been given for actions of less courage and daring than that displayed by Mr Bertrand. Yesterday afternoon a subscription list was opened m the town for the shipwrecked crew, and m the evening it had amounted to seventy guineas. 

An account of the event is here: https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/THD18670116

1866

Oamaru Times December 25th 1866
The schooner Prince Consort, 35 tons, Ritchie, master, was totally wrecked in the Timaru Roadstead on Thursday last, during a severe gale from the north-east. She was ballasted with 16 tons of loose single, which soon caused a "list" to one side, and a heavy broadside sea eventually put her hopelessly on her beam ends. Three men were on board, and two of them, with the efficient aid rendered by the Alexandra life-boat, were fortunately rescued. Mr Bertram of the H.M. Customs, gallantly rescued the third man, who was holding on to a spar amid the kelp. The Prince Consort soon afterwards drifted on to the rocks and became a complete wreck. She was insured in the New Zealand Insurances Offices.

1868

1868 "The William Miskin was anchored about half-a-mile from the shore, was not sent to sea, she could not possibly ride out the gale. At 4 p.m. this became a certainty, as the sea was making a complete breach over her, and. In fact, breaking outside the ship Timaru, riding at anchor fully one aud a quarter miles from the shore.
At midnight on Monday the barometer took a stand at 28.80, and soon after commenced to rise, the thermometer also rising, thereby indicating a change of wind, which, m fact, shortly after become quite wavm. The fears entertained for the steamer William Miskin were, unfortunately, fully verified; for shortly after mtdnight she parted cable, and about 2 a.m took the beach on the north side of LeCren's Gully, and in less than ten minutes became a total wreck.
The question now arises upon whom i;he blame should fall for this melancholy catastrophe. We are supposed lo have a harbour master with a pilot under his command.
Is it not part of their duty to sea to the safety of vessels riding m the roadstead, and, should occasion require it, signal for them to go to sea, or ride in the roadstsad at their own responsibility? l am of opinion the present wreck, which most undoubtedly will more or less damage the favourable impression now existing respecting Timaru, calls for a most searching enquiry."

Otago Witness 15 February 1868, Page 4
The steamer William Miskin, 115 tons. The beach from Whale's Creek to the rocky promontory presented a melancholy scene on the day after the wreck, the entire lenght being strewn with fragments of the broken up vessel - iron plates, cabin furniture, parts of doors, planks, tea, chests, bits of passengers' luggage, tins of kerosene, &c. &c. all in inexticable confusion. Of the Miskin itself nothing remains but the boilers standing upright in the sand, with a small portion of the vessels' bow; everything has been clean washed out of her. Not a vestiage of a deck, or an atom of wood is there - all is completely destroyed. The inquiry was held before the Resident Magistrate and Sub-Collector of Customs, Capt. Scott acting as nautical assessor. Capt. Bain and his crew desire publicly to return their sincere thanks to Mr Belfield for the hospitality shown to them.

WRECK OF THE STEAMER WILLIAM MISKIN.

We regret exceedingly having to record the total wreck of the screw steamer the William Miskiu, Captain Bain, which took place early yesterday morning on the beach about one and a half miles north of Timaru. The William Misfein has only of lato been put on the Timaru and Duuediu trade, being formerly employed on the West Coast, where she hud one or two narrow escapes from wreck having been ashore there on more than one occasion, but was fortunate enough always to escape with but little material damage. Yesterday, though, her usual goodfortune deserted her, for she now lies not only a total wreck, but ovory portion of her hull, spars, and rigging are literally smashed to atoms. The William Miskin made her appearance m the Timaru roadstead early on Sunday morning from Duuedin with passengers and a miscellaneous cargo, from twelve to fifteen tons of goods. The passengers were early that day put ashore, and the steamer lay at her usual anchorage waiting to discharge on Monday. Sunday was a fine, calm day, but the weather towurda evening looked threatening, there being heavy masses of cloud to seaward. On Sunday evening about eight o'clock it commenced to rain with wiud from the south-east. It rained heavily all night, aud early on Monday morning the wiud increased m violence raising a heavy sea. About 10 a.m. on Monday, the Miskin was observed to anchor further to seaward from the berth she had uulil then occupied. She was riding by a single anchor with about sixty fathoms of chain. The wind aud sea still increasing, a second anchor was dropped at about half-past ten o'clock. Between three and four o'clock m the afternoon seas commenced to topple over the vessel, and with every sea something or other was washed off the deck, till at last when she commenced to drag, the eteaxner's deck was almost clean swept — water casks, gangways, oil locker, waterelosets. galley and life-boat having all disappeared} The officer m charge, the first mate, (Captain Bain being on shore) had from 6 p.m. on Monday till 1-30 a.m. the following morniug kept the vessel under a full head of steam head to sea, but at that hour the steam failed, the constant seas pouring over having extinguished the fires. Just before the fires were put out, a heavy sea swept the deck, washing overboard one of the sailors, a man named John McDonald. At that time the crew were busily engaged m baling out water from the engine-room, as the pumps then were found useless. Even if all hands had not been bo engaged, it would have been impossible to have saved the poor fellow, as the sea was far too high to have rendered any effectual aid a Soon after 1.30 the steamer began to drag, and at half-post two o'clock the mate perceived that both cables had parted. On finding the steamer drifting hopelessly, and entirely at the mercy of the waves, the mate ordered the topsail and jib to be set to keep her steady and end on to the land. In an hour and ahalf after the cables had parted, the steamer took the ground within a few yards of the rocky promontory on Mr Belfield's property. Had the unfortunate vessel struck the rocks, a great loss of life must have ensued, as the rocks and cliffs behind them rise perpendicularly and would give but little chance of escape ; as it was however, the Miskiti was thrown almost high and dry on a shelving sandy beach, and all hands, to the number of twelve, without the least difficulty got on dry land. Immediately on striking, the steamer commenced to break up, and she was actually broken m two when the last man to leave, the second steward, jumped from her shattered deck on to terra firma. The men at once made for Mr Belfield's house, which is quite, close to the scene of the catastrophe, where they were hospitably received, and soon after they left for Timaru. We barn that at the time the officer m charge shifted the steamer's position, at 8 o'clock on Monday morning, no danger was then apprehended, as, although the barometer was low and filling, yet the storm glass on board the Miskin gave no indication of the approachingtempest. On this false security the mate rested, for there cannot be a doubt if he had gone to sea, all would have been well,

and we should not now have to deplore the loss of the steamer. At that hour there was nothing to prevent the mate putting to sea, neither wind or sea were sufficiently high to make the attempt at least dangerous, but afterwards, a few hours later it became impossible, and the steamer had to trust entirely to her cables. We hope that an inquiry into the cause of the wreck will be made, for it seems to us that with a little exercise of fore* thought the Bad catastrophe could have been averted. beach from Whale's creek to the rocky promontory above alluded to, presented a melancholy scene yesterday morning, the entire length being strewn with fragments of the broken-up vessel — iron plates, cabin furniture, parts of doors, planks, tea, chests, bits ofpassengers' luggage, tins of kerosine, 6c., dec, all m inextricable confusion. Of the Miskin itself nothing remains but the boilers standing upright m the sand, with a small portion of the Teasel's bows ; everything has been clean washed out of her. Not a vestige of a deck, or an atom of wood work is there — all is completely destroyed. Along the whole length of the beach where the remnants are thrown up, we found dotted here and there dead sheep and other animals. At first it was supposed they formed part of the vessel's cargo, but on enquiry we find they must have been washed down the Pareora or the Opihi riven, accounts of the losses sustained by stock-holders on the banks of those rivers having reached us. The wreck was visited yesterday by many hundreds of people, to whom the sight of » wreck has been, fortunately, hitherto but of very rare occurrence m or near Timaru.

- WRECK OF THE STEAMER WILLIAM MISKIN.TIMARU HERALD, VOLUME VIII, ISSUE 281, 5 FEBRUARY 1868, PAGE 2

That same year Timaru experience a disasterous flood and fire... "In the town the inhabitants were greatly excited by the wreck of the steamer William Miskin, but attention was soon drawn away to the country districts, about which accounts of a most alarming and of course greatly exaggerated nature were circulated. We have compiled as full an account of the effect of the gale and floods m the various district. ... The steamer William Miskin had no tackle to ride out a gale, and ought to have been sent to sea. In the country thousands of sheep have been drowned, houses swept away, crops and fences destroyed, and lives sacrificed. The damage to roads and bridges is very great, and we fear that when accounts reach us from the other country districts, they will only add to the already large number of losses sustained." - FURIOUS GALE.TIMARU HERALD, VOLUME VIII, ISSUE 281, 5 FEBRUARY 1868, PAGE 2

THE LATE GALE.TIMARU HERALD, VOLUME VIII, ISSUE 281, 5 FEBRUARY 1868, PAGE 2

1868 William Miskin wrecked at Caroline Bay. In 1906, it was reported that... The drifting of the Waimataitai beach from north to south of late has brought to light once more some relics of old time wrecks. Among them, now on the surface of the beach, are long-buried fragments of the little steamer William Miskin, wrecked in 1868, and the "dead eye" of the shoud bits of muntz metal of some wrecked sailing ship. There are certain points about the about that ship that need attention before the weather becomes hotter.
-  TOWN & COUNTRY.TIMARU HERALD, VOLUME LXXXIX, ISSUE 13118, 29 OCTOBER 1906, PAGE 5 

Otago Daily Times 26 June 1868, Page 4
An official enquiry into the wreck of the Despatch was held on Thursday last, before B. Woollcombe, Esq., R.M., and Captain R. Scott, Nautical Assessor. Mr Hart, of the Customs, also watched the enquiry. The following evidence was taken :— Alexander Taylor sworn, deposed: I am a master mariner, late master of the Despatch. The Captain is dead. I believe the vessel was twenty five years old. Ship's papers were all in the wreck. She is a total wreck. John Sullivan: I am a seaman, late acting second mate of the Despatch.. We all made our way to the house of Mr Belfield, who was very kind to us.

Star June 18 1868 - Wreck of the brigantine 'Despatch' 

(From the Timaru Herald, June 17)
In our last issue we reported that the Despatch, a brigantine of 98 tons, Captain Driver, called in at this port on Friday morning for hay and water for livestock on board from the Chatham Islands. We were under the impression that the stores wanted were taken on board in the afternoon, and that the brigantine sailed for Dunedin late on Friday night. it would have been fortunate for her if she had, for soon after dark a heavy S.S.E. gale not in, with a high sea. Captain Driver had been on shore during the day, and went on board again between three and four o'clock in the afternoon. Soon after he got on board, finding the sea rising, he ordered the second anchor to be dropped, and made all snug for the night. Up to ten o'clock the vessel was riding very easily, and but an hour she was struck with a heavy sea, which partially filled the hold. All hands were immediately called, and set to work at the pumps. At eleven o'clock, the crew and passengers being all hard at work at the pumps, Captain Driver went into the galley to warm some coffee for them, when a tremendous sea struck the vessel, carrying the galley from its fastenings, and burying Captain Driver beneath. Two or three hands instantly act to work to tear away the debris, when they found their captain quire dead. He had evidently been struck on the head, either by the cooking stove or some of the heavy framework of the gallery, and killed instantaneously. The body was taken into the cabin, and some of the men resumed their work at the pumps. After the galley had gone, continuous heavy seas struck the unfortunate vessel, and she commenced shortly to drag her anchors. She dragged for some hours, and at 3 o'clock on Saturday morning too the beach about the centre of the Washdyke Lagoon, four miles north of Timaru. Soon after the vessel commenced to drag she also lost sight of the light on shore, and those on board could not tell her position. 
It seems that Mr Morrison, who is acting as pilot and harbour-master temporarily, went to Captain Driver on Saturday afternoon, at the Royal Hotel, and asked if the mate of the Despatch could take the vessel to sea. Captain Driver at once said he thought not; and Morrison replied, "Then you must go on boar, as you have to leave tonight," Captain Driver jocularly remarked to one of the boatmen when going off to his vessel that he would rather come ashore than to leave without his hay and water. When the vessel was going before the wind, after the death of the captain, some of the crew refused to work, even at the pumps, and the ship was allowed to drift hopelessly ashore, The wind then was such that she could possibly have made one of the bays on the Peninsula. 
The crew, eight in number, and two passengers (one of whom was Captain Boys, a brother of Mr Boys employed in the Provincial Government survey) got safely to land, as the vessel was thrown nearly high and dry to the beach. The shipwrecked men at once made for Mr Belfield's house, where they remained till after daylight. After leaving Mr Belfield's house, three of the crew took a boat a Washdyke, and crossed the lagoon to the scene of the wreck. Owing to the sea breaking heavily over it they were unable to search for the body of Captain Driver; but on Sunday they returned and found the body, and conveyed it to the Washdyke Hotel, where an inquest was held on it on Monday. Out of the livestock on board at the tome of the wreck, five of the cattle and one horse were found to have escaped on Saturday, and were at large on the beach, but on Sunday the horse was found dead. The brigantine now lies a complete wreck, bow on to sea, her port-side completely stove in, and the deck, excepting a small portion in the fore part of the vessel, carried away. The beach in the vicinity of the wreck presents a melachololy sight, as for some distance it is strewed with dead cattle and horses, spars and fragments of wreck.

Inquest - Timaru Herald, 17 June 1868, Page 2 - Captain Driver

 

Star June 18 1868
Wreck of the brigantine 'Despatch' 

(From the Timaru Herald, June 17)
In our last issue we reported that the Despatch, a brigantine of 98 tons, Captain Driver, called in at this port on Friday morning for hay and water for livestock on board from the Chatham Islands. We were under the impression that the stores wanted were taken on board in the afternoon, and that the brigantine sailed for Dunedin late on Friday night. it would have been fortunate for her if she had, for soon after dark a heavy S.S.E. gale not in, with a high sea. Captain Driver had been on shore during the day, and went on board again between three and four o'clock in the afternoon. Soon after he got on board, finding the sea rising, he ordered the second anchor to be dropped, and made all snug for the night. Up to ten o'clock the vessel was riding very easily, and but an hour she was struck with a heavy sea, which partially filled the hold. All hands were immediately called, and set to work at the pumps. At eleven o'clock, the crew and passengers being all hard at work at the pumps, Captain Driver went into the galley to warm some coffee for them, when a tremendous sea struck the vessel, carrying the galley from its fastenings, and burying Captain Driver beneath. Two or three hands instantly act to work to tear away the debris, when they found their captain quire dead. He had evidently been struck on the head, either by the cooking stove or some of the heavy framework of the gallery, and killed instantaneously. The body was taken into the cabin, and some of the men resumed their work at the pumps. After the galley had gone, continuous heavy seas struck the unfortunate vessel, and she commenced shortly to drag her anchors. She dragged for some hours, and at 3 o'clock on Saturday morning too the beach about the centre of the Washdyke Lagoon, four miles north of Timaru. Soon after the vessel commenced to drag she also lost sight of the light on shore, and those on board could not tell her position. 
    It seems that Mr Morrison, who is acting as pilot and harbour-master temporarily, went to Captain Driver on Saturday afternoon, at the Royal Hotel, and asked if the mate of the Despatch could take the vessel to sea. Captain Driver at once said he thought not; and Morrison replied, "Then you must go on boar, as you have to leave tonight," Captain Driver jocularly remarked to one of the boatmen when going off to his vessel that he would rather come ashore than to leave without his hay and water. When the vessel was going before the wind, after the death of the captain, some of the crew refused to work, even at the pumps, and the ship was allowed to drift hopelessly ashore, The wind then was such that she could possibly have made one of the bays on the Peninsula. 
    The crew, eight in number, and two passengers (one of whom was Captain Boys, a brother of Mr Boys employed in the Provincial Government survey) got safely to land, as the vessel was thrown nearly high and dry to the beach. The shipwrecked men at once made for Mr Belfield's house, where they remained till after daylight. After leaving Mr Belfield's house, three of the crew took a boat a Washdyke, and crossed the lagoon to the scene of the wreck. Owing to the sea breaking heavily over it they were unable to search for the body of Captain Driver; but on Sunday they returned and found the body, and conveyed it to the Washdyke Hotel, where an inquest was held on it on Monday. Out of the livestock on board at the tome of the wreck, five of the cattle and one horse were found to have escaped on Saturday, and were at large on the beach, but on Sunday the horse was found dead. The brigantine now lies a complete wreck, bow on to sea, her port-side completely stove in, and the deck, excepting a small portion in the fore part of the vessel, carried away. The beach in the vicinity of the wreck presents a melachololy sight, as for some distance it is strewed with dead cattle and horses, spars and fragments of wreck.

Inquest - Timaru Herald, 17 June 1868, Page 2
Captain Driver

1869 

WRECK OF THE BARQUES COLLINGWOOD AND SUSAN JANE.
TIMARU HERALD, VOLUME X, ISSUE 417, 26 MAY 1869, PAGE 2

LOSS OF ONE LIFE The anniversary of Her Majesty's birthday m 1869 will be .long remembered m Timaru ; as on that day (Monday last) it is our painful duty to record the total losb of two vessels. — the barques Colling wood and Susan Jane, and also the loss of one of the lifeboat's crew m their brave, but unfortunately vain endeavours to go to the assistance of a schooner — the Twilight — which was lying m the roadstead, and had during the whole of the forenoon onMonday been flying a signal of distress. We will proceed to give the history of the several sad occurrences in' the order they occurred.
The Collingwood, barque of 457 tons register, wasbuiltinNewYorkabout 20 years ago, and had been trading m colonial waters for the last six or seven yean — principally between Dunedin and Newcastle. She was owned by Messrs Hutcheson and Co., of Dunedin. The Collingwood arrived m the Timaru roadstead early on Wednesday morning, having taken on board at Lyttelton 1700 bags of wheat, and intended to complete her loading m Timaru with about 25,000 bushels more of wheat, with which she was to proceed to Aucklaud. During Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday 1225 bags were shipped on board — making the total cargo on board at the time of the wreck between 10,000 and 11,000 bushels.
During Friday and Saturday there was a nasty sea running, but unaccompanied with any wind, and not sufficient to prevent the shipping of cargo. During Sunday .the sea rose and a very heavy surf tumbled on the beach, but still, strange to say, without any wind. At about six o'clock on Sunday evening the sea was at its highest, and during the evening, when a slight puff of wind came off the land, tlio signal was made from shore by the firing of a roekot to "go to sea." The Susan Jane aud the schooner Twilight attempted to obey the signal, but the wind was so very light that it was found impossible to do so, and anchors were again dropped.
For about two hours before midnight the. sea dropped considerably, but after that hour it again rose to its former strength. Towards morning, between 4 and 5 o'clock it is said that the barque Susan Jane drifted past the bows of the Collingwood, and it is supposed that the latter vossol'e anchor was lifted or tho cable broken by getting fout of the Susan Jane's cublo, for just then the Collingwood fouud herself adrift, and heading rapidly towards tho laud. Tho starboard anchor had parted previously, and now as the port anchor had gone, the bivrque was perfectly helpless, at the mercy of Ihe waves, for there was not a breath of air to enable. the vessel to got out of her imminent danger. Soon after 5 o'clock, she was amidst the iu-shore breakers, aud shortly afterward* took the ground about mid-way along the Waimalaitai lagoon, m Woollcombe's gully.
As soon as she grounded, Mr Mills, the Harbor Muster, was present on the beach with the racket apparatus, and amid firing the first rocket, Mr Mills, we regret- to say, was severely burned about the face and right hand, the rocket going off so suddenly that he had not time to get to a safe distance.
A second rocket was fired under the direction of Capt. Crawford, aud it was well directed, passing right over the vessel. The line having been seized by the men on board, a large rope was quickly passed to the vessel, and preparations made for rescuing the crew. A life buoy, with a species of sack attached underneath wasspeedilyroveon to the rope, and being pulled by a smaller line backwards and forwards from the vessel to the shore, every man on board was soon landed.
The men thus landed were the first and second officers, the crew of ten men, three men who were working their passage, and four men who were taken on board at Timaru for stowing cargo — seventeen souls in all.
The master, Captain Lewis, was ashore at the time of the wreck. The last man to leave the wreck was Mr Green, the first mate.
The Collingwood at this time was resting on an even keel head on to the beach, but between 8 and 9 o'clock she slewed broadside on to the sea, which then having greater power over her, the work of demolition was from that time most rapid. Between 11 and 12 o'clock her masts went one after the the other, and an hour or two later she was completely broken up.
After the disastrous loss of the Collingwood many were the anxious eyes directed towards the Susan Jane, which was Been as daylight dawned on Monday bravely fighting with the breakers, having drifted some considerable distance inshore from the position Bhe was anchored m the previous evening. The Susan Jane, as most of our readers are doubtless aware, belonged to Messrs Cain, LeCren, Turnbull, and others in Timaru, and was brought from New York in the year 1867. Since then she has been chiefly engaged m the coal trade between Timaru'and Newcastle.
On Wednesday last she arrived m the roadstead from Mercury Bay, Auckland, with a cargo of timber. During last week a few boat-loads only of this ' timber were discharged. On Sunday afternoon she was riding easily at her anchors, and did not commence to drag till late m the evening, after -having made an unsuccessful:attempt to put to sea by which she lost good anchorage ground. After midnight on Sunday- and on Monday morning she dragged considerably, and at dawn on Monday she was seen to be well into the entrance of Caroline Bay, with two anchors down, and a large amount of canvas set to ease, off the strain on her cables!
If there had been the slightest land breeze her safety was certain; but, unfortunately, during all Monday there was not sufficient wind even to blow out the, sjgnals. which were passing between the vessel and the authorities on shore at the Government flagstaff. From 'eight o'clock m the morning till past midday the vessel slowly drifted nearer -the ; shore, ianxiously watched by hundreds of spectators who lined the cliffs, At last, when all hope was past of saving the vesael the signal m given to " slip the cables." The barque then rapidly surged towards the land, and eventually took the beach under the cliff nearly opposite to' the house of Mr H. J. LeCren Mr Morrison, late pilot of the port, was on the top of the cliff with the rocket apparatusjjuid threw a well directed line between her fore and main masts. The rope with the lifebuoy was rapidly rigged out, and the work commenced of landing the crew, nine m number, from the sta^de^TesMJ.'^tllgot safely ashore without mishap, , with the. exception of the ship's cook and mate, who both fell into the boiling surf whilst on their, passage from the vessel. Tho cook was saved by Captain Patterson, the master of .the Susan Jane, who, , boldly rushed into the "surf ' and 'seized the'' man, and both were pulled out of the water by the bystanders on shore. ' The cook was, we regret to say, badly injured by the fall.' The mate was also saved. The vessel then was then lying deck on to the sea, and soon began to breakup. Late at night the 'masts went and she was a complete wreck, and the cargo washed out of her lined the beach m all directions.
About the time the Susan Jane was wrecked, with fortunately' all hands' saved, another scene was being transacted on another part of the beack, which' hod a different and a tragical ending. We have said before that the Twilight, sohooner,. had been flying a signal of distress the greater part ' of Monday morning, and not only was the signal flying, but the crew were heard on shore loudly shouting for assistance.
The crew of the lifeboat were, we believe away at the time, on the look out to render assistance to the Susan Jane, and some time elapsed before they could be got together.
Some men had in the meantime forced open the lifeboat, house, and were proceeding to take her on to the beach— a volunteer crew having been got for her — but a gentleman informed Mr Mills, the Harbour Master, (who had charge of the life boat) of this unwarrantable act, and he at once took matters m his own hands, and got together his own tried crew.
Plenty of volunteers were forthcoming to drag the boat on the carriage from the shed to that part of the beach used by the new Lauding Company, where it was proposed to launch her.
The carriage was taken some, little, distance into the surf and after one or two attempts, the boat was fairly let go. Something however went wrong, and the boat instead of sliding down the grove in the carriage got misplaced and stuck hopelessly on the axles, and a heavy sea coming' washed the boat off the carriage and broadside on to the sea, throwing out the crew. She was immediately hauled bow on again by scores of willing volunteers, and an attempt was again made to shove her off, but the effort failed, and a heavy wave washed her up the beaoh broadside on, smashing nearly all the oars.
The men were either washed or thrown out of the boat on each occasion but they soon scrambled into her again. Several times did the volunteers push off the boat, and on each occasion it was thrown back high up on the beach as a mere toy, each time drifting' to' the north and nearer to the reef which separates the two I lauding services. At last the efforts made were successful, and the boat loft the beach amid the choers of the spectators who thronged the beach road und the high ground adjoining.
The moment was one of intense excitment, as the boat was fairly over the reef where the waves were breaking with the 'greatest furv,aud it was then soon that out of her full crew "only six were on board, fciie others having been washed-out and loft on the beach.
The names of the crew when the boat finally quitted the shore were, Mr Mills, (Harbour Muster),' Duncan' CSuneron (coxswain); .A. White, Thomas Baker, G. Newton, and. W. Oxley. When j ust nt the edge of the reef and but a little way from shorej a tremendous : sea struck the boat and capsized her, throwing all the men into the. water. The scene on the beach at this moment was one of the most fearful excitement, as all the men were struggiling under water it as seen 'hat most, if not all, of them had on the cork lifer belts belonging to the lifeboat Alexandra had righted herself in an instant and soon one man was seen to climb into her and hold out his hand to assist  another.
Presently five men had again climbed onto the boat, but one was missing, and was not seen again.
It was soon discovered that that man was Duncan Cameron. 
When the lifeboat capsized all the oars except one were lost, and with this one oar, and a line;; which was attached to the boat's anchor, the crew managed to bring the boat ashore without being again upset.'
It is generally supposed that Duncan Cameron was rendered insensible by a blow on the head, either from the steer-oar or some part of the_ boat as he was a.most expert swimmer, and could have reached the boat, even without a lifebelt, if by any means he lost it.
We learn that when in the water Cameron caught hold of Newton's leg, and would have drowned Newton had he not shaken himself free.
Cameron was a good sailor, and came to Timaru some yean ago from Turanaki He leaves a wife and four children, and we think we have only to mention this fact to ensure liberal 'assistance' for them from a public ever ready to appreciate. courage; and to help those in distress.
This loss of life is more to be deplored when occasion for such a sacrifice is by many persons called in question. In such a matter we do not wish to judge it is the duty ot the harbour master to decide whether he will or will not answer a sigual of distress, and as Captain Mills was himself in the boat, no one can say that he in any way shirked his duty, althongh at the time he was suffering from the effects of an accident with a rocket in the morning.
What the schooner Twilight wanted, we do not know, as she put to' sea on Monday evening when a light breeze sprung up, but it is generally supposed that she was short of provisions and water.
It is a most significant fact, and one which, amid all this distress, speaks a word in favour of the holding ground in the Timaru roadstead that the schooner Twilight, riding at the outer anchorage for a small craft, scarcely shifted her position and rode out the storm with comparative ease.
Had the other vessels been further out, and never taken up their anchors, all probability, would now be in the roadstead.
We understand that both the Collingwood and Susan Jane were well insured, and the cargoes of both vessel were also insured.
The hull of the Colhngwood was insured by the New Zealand Insurance Companyu ₤2,500 and the grain on board covered by floating policy in the Union Bank. The hull of the Susan Jane was insured for ₤1,500.

Star Monday 24 May 1869
Wreck of the Barque 'Collingwood' at Timaru

The fine barque, commandeered by Captain John Lewis, is a wreck at Timaru. This vessel cleared customs on the 10th inst., with a cargo of 1900 bags wheat, shipped by Messrs Cox and Baber; she sailed for Timaru to complete her loading. The Port Officer received a telegram this morning to the following effect; "Collingwood ashore on the beach; all lives saved by the rocket apparatus. Mills badly burnt by rockets. Susan Jane in great danger of going ashore.

Star 25 May 1869
Timaru May 24, 5.30 p.m.
The barques Collingwood and Susan Jane came ashore to-day. The Twilight is still riding safely in the roadstead.  The cause of the wreck of the two barques is thought to be through attempting to put to sea last night, with scarcely any wind, and a heavy sea in shore.  The gradually drifted in shore, and the Collingwood was beached about 4 o'clock this morning.  The  Susan Jane put down anchors when in the breakers, and drifted until two o'clock to-day, when she beached.  The life-boat put off to answer a signal of distress from the Twilight.  She made several unsuccessful efforts to leave the beach, and at length got away with six men in her.  She got near a reef, when heavy breakers upset the boat, all the men being thrown into the water, one man was drowned.

Finding of Court of Inquiry 
A casualty of the sea. No one to blame.

Star May 27, 1869. The schooner Twilight arrived in Lyttelton harbour this morning from Timaru.
    Life-Boat Service, Timaru
Subscription lists have been opened in Lyttelton, for the wife and children (4) of Duncan Cameron, late coxswain of the pilot boat at Timaru, who was drowned on Monday, through the capsizing of the life-boat, whilst proceeding to render assistance to the crew of the schooner Twilight. The deceased was will known on the coast, more particularly at Taranaki. Subscriptions will be thankfully received by Captain Gibson, Port Officer; or at the Banks and Custom House.

1870

Timaru Herald, 29 June 1870, Page 5 STRANDING OF THE SCHOONER AURORA
The Aurora, a schooner of 42 tons, Osborne, master, anchored in the roadstead on Thursday, June 15th. On Friday and Saturday she discharged a good portion of her cargo of coals, and was to have sailed for Wellington either on the 20th or 21s with a cargo of grain. On Sunday night, or rather early on Monday morning, a little after two o'clock, the Harbour Master, Captain Mills, observed the schooner had drifted in shore to within a short distance of the breakwater. He immediately summoned Mr Green of the Landing Service, who quickly called his hands together. A whaleboat was then manned, and in charge of the Harbour Master put off to the schooner. On boarding the vessel she was found to be at anchor, and the men on board (Captain Osborne was on shore at the time, but went off in the whaleboat) told Captain Mills that the cable had parted at the schooner's previous berth. There was but little sea on at the time, and why the second anchor was not immediately dropped at the parting, of the first cable is a mystery. The whale boat crew then proceeded to kedge the vessel out to the usual anchorage ground, and after some hours labor she was again safely berthed, riding with a coir hawser and also a small kedge anchor. On Monday the weather was thick, and a nasty sea came tumbling in. At about one o'clock, the signal of distress — the union jack down — was hoisted from the schooner, and the Harbour Master took out the lifeboat to see what was the matter. On arriving within hailing distance he found that the crew desired to abandon the vessel, and preparations were then made to take off the men. Owing to the heavy sea running some difficulty was experienced in getting alongside the schooner, and it was fully twenty minutes before Captain Osborne and his three men were on board the lifeboat, which immediately put off for shore, and arrived safely. Towards evening the sea moderated, and just at dusk a crew consisting of A. White (steersman), John Clarkson, Edward Newton, Isaac Wetherton, William Oxby, Llewellin Jones, and Benjamin Clarkson, put off in a whaleboat from the lee side of the breakwater with the hopes, if possible, of saving the vessel and claiming salvage. It was so dark that it was impossible to see from the beach if the men succeeded in getting fairly alongside the schooner, and it was not till the boat was again approaching the shore that it was seen that two men, John Clarkson and Wetherton, had been left on board. From the boat leaving the share till its return only occupied a few minutes, and the men must have been uncommonly smart in boarding the vessel, pitching as she was in a pretty heavy sea. Some anxiety was naturally felt on shore on account of the two men on board, as it was known that the hawser the schooner was riding at could not be depended on in the event of any very heavy strain being put on it; consequently, men were watching on shore all night, as well as the Harbor Master, who also had been up all the previous night, as he was anxious about the vessel, as it was generally known that the Aurora was not very well found m ground tackle. At ten minutes to three o'clock yesterday morning the hawser parted, and the vessel began to drift in steadily towards shore. On approaching the beach, sail was put on to keep her bow on to the land, and about four o'clock she was stranded on the beach bordering the Waimataitai lagoon, and not far distant from Mr Belfield's house. A very heavy sea was running just then, and the vessel was thrown up high and dry on a sandy beach. The Harbour Master and others were speedily on the spot, but little or no assistance was needed by the men on board the schooner, as they could jump from her on shore without hardly wetting their feet. The Aurora was built in Dunedin about five years ago, as a lighter for Port Chalmers harbour, and was owned by Messrs Guthrie and Asher of Dunedin. She was insured in the New Zealand Insurance Company, but for what amount is not known. A survey was held on the vessel yesterday afternoon by Captains Scott and Crawford, the result of which was that the sale of schooner was recommended. It is probable that the New Zealand Insurance Company will not allow a sale, but take the vessel into their own hands and get her afloat again — which seems quite possible to do at a comparatively trifling expense.

The brig 'Layard'

The Star Wednesday June 8 & 9 1870
The brig Layard, Captain Worledge, lying at anchor off Timaru, went ashore this morning between Mr Le Cren's office and the Landing-shed. All nine hands were saved by the rocket apparatus. A very heavy sea was running, and there was no chance of getting her off. The brig arrived from Newcastle on Friday with 250 tons coal, but could not land her cargo on account of the heavy weather. Yesterday afternoon her cable parted, but a second anchor being let go she was brought up. About 5 a.m. today the cable parted again and the brig drifted ashore at 10 a.m. She now lies fifty yards from shore. The vessel has been condemned, and with her cargo was sold at suction for 230 pounds 10s. Both ship and cargo are believed to be well insured by Australian offices. The Layard was owned by Pigott Brothers, Melbourne and was cosigned to Captain Cain.

Daily Southern Cross, 18 June 1870, Page 4
 The wreck of the brig Layard, Captain Worledge, took place this morning, about 500 yards north of the Government flagstaff. The Layard was a British vessel, built at Poole, Dorsetshire, in the year 1856 or 1857, and owned by Pigott Brothers, of Melbourne  Captain Worledge being part owner. She was a vessel of 175 tons. The Layard sailed from Newcastle on the 17th of May, with a cargo of 262 tons of coal, and arrived here on Friday last. Beyond being boarded by the pilot, she had no communication with the shore, as a nasty sea was running the whole of the time, with no wind. On Monday the sea increased in violence, but little apprehension was entertained of the Layard, as she appeared to be riding with perfect ease at her anchors. On Tuesday the sea showed no sign of going down, and it was even higher than the previous day. The brig was then lying in her original berth. At that time she was riding with her port-bower anchor, with about 70 fathoms of cable...

The time occupied in landing the nine persons on board was only nine and a-half minutes, showing how  well the life-saying apparatus was worked. The crew consisted of Captain Worledge ; D Nicholson, mate; John Samelon, second mate ; Alick Purdy, A.B. ; H. Schaman, A.B. ; John Attwater, A.B. ; Patrick Long, A.B. ; Francis Davenport, cook and steward ; and William Quirk, apprentice. Excepting a chronometer brought on shore by the captain, every thing was left the vessel, and the crew came on land with but the clothes they wore.

The vessel, as she lies on the beach, together with the cargo, was first put up. The bidding commenced at 100 pounds, and the lot was finally knocked down to Captain Cain for 220 pounds. The anchors and chains were also sold to the same purchaser for 10 pounds 10s.

The Inquiry. The official inquiry into the cause of the wreck was held by C. E. Cooper, Esq., Sub-Collector of Customs, Timaru, and Captain Scott, Nautical Assessor, at the Custom-house, yesterday at eleven a m. After evidence had been adduced, the Court returned Captain Worledge his certificate, and remarked that the loss of the brig Layard was purely accidental.

New Zealand in the 1860s – before the Vogel rail boom of the 1870s – was a maritime frontier, a string of largely isolated coastal enclaves linked by sailing ships and steamers. Sea travel was slow, weather-dependent, and often uncomfortable. New Zealand’s rugged coastline, changeable weather, shifting river bars and exposed anchorages claimed numerous ships and lives. This photograph shows the screw steamer William Miskin and the paddle-steamer tug Lioness aground at Hokitika in 1866. Both vessels were later wrecked, the William Misken at Timaru on 4 February 1868 and the Lioness at Greymouth on 1 September 1882. 1868 William Miskin Went ashore at Timaru on 4th February. One drowned and the ship was wrecked.

S.S. Bruce Timaru Harbour 1885 Scott, R.   Inquiry Into Wrecks; Report on the Casualty Which Happened to the Steam Vessel Maori. Wgtn: [in] NZ Gazette, 1870. 2pp. 34.5cm. Reports of the accident at Timaru occupy three columns. Excessive risk taken by Capt James Malcolm: two lives were lost "through the boat being allowed to get broadside on to the sea."

 

1873

 

Evening Post, 10 September 1873, Page 2
A telegram states the Lady of the Lake sprung a leak off Oamaru, and could not return. She therefore made for Timaru. The crew were baling and pumping all night, and the water got near to the fires. To save her from sinking, she was run on the beach opposite to the South Landing Service. She bumped on the rocks coming in, but it is not known whether or not she is injured.

 

The brig 'Fairy Queen' & the 'Wanderer' beached

The Star, Thursday, August 28, 1873
Aug, 27. Timaru

It is blowing a heavy south-east gale. The brig Fairy Queen has parted her anchor, and the schooner Duke of Edinburgh has been beached. The crew were saved on a rope. The vessel will probably be got off. The Fairy Queen has parted one anchor, but is holding well. The brig Silver Lining and ketch Wanderer are holding well.

The Star, Thursday, August 28, 1873
Aug, 28. Timaru
After dark last night, the brig Fairy Queen parted her second anchor and came ashore. She struck the rocks and bumped a big hole through her hull. A rocket line was thrown over the vessel, and the crew of nine men were landed quickly. When the last man left the vessel, the mainmast went over the side of the brig. She then slewed off the rocks and was washed up on the beach. The galley fire, or a lamp, capsized and set fire to the vessel, but the waves washing over prevented it from spreading.
    After nine o'clock, the ketch Wanderer broke adrift and rapidly headed inshore, and struck full against the Fairy Queen. The ketch's mast went by the board; afterwards she slewed off, and was washed up on the beach to the northward. The crew, of three men, were intimately saved by jumping into the surf.
    The wind dropped before eleven o'clock but the sea increased. At midnight, the brig Silver Lining was observed to be drifting shore wards, but a land wind suddenly springing up, took her to sea. 
    The Duke of Edinburgh's [schooner 77 tons] cargo of timber is being now discharged. Such bad weather has not been known for a long time.

[The Duke of Edinburgh, built at Lyttelton, in 1873 carried 39,956 feet of timber from Auckland for the Temuka bridge.  She was sold at auction for 205 pounds, refloated from the beach and named the Euphrosyne.] Reference: Gillespie 

[The Euphrosyne sailed from Dunedin on March 14th 1875 for Oamaru and was never seen again. Capt. Spence. Crew of six all lost. Reference: NZ Wrecks]

The Late Wrecks at Timaru 10th Sept. 1873
The schooner Duke of Edinburgh was successfully launched on Saturday morning. by means of an anchor and cable run out into the roadstead, the head of the vessel was hauled seaward on Friday at noon, and on Saturday at about 2 a.m., the tide being high and the sea calm, she was floated off into deep water. Although the hour was an unseasonable one, a considerable number of persons assembled to witness the launching. The vessel was towed to a safe anchorage, and placed in charge of the mate of the Silver Lining. On Sunday a new rudder, built by Mr Green's carpenter on the previous day, was fixed in position, the ballast having been previously shifted to the nose of the vessel to facilitate the work. The schooner will sail for Lyttelton as soon as possible, and will either be thoroughly repaired there or at some other suitable harbour. It is said that the purchaser of the vessel has made a lucky speculation - Timaru Herald, Sept. 8.

The Star  August 30 1873 page 3
(From the Timaru Herald)

Last Wednesday three vessels were driven ashore during a strong-easterly gale, and one of the number totally wrecked. Luckily no lives were lost, the seamen - eighteen in all -being safely rescued, some being saved by the rocket apparatus, others by the assistance of a number of willing hands on shore. The vessels in the road at the time of the catastrophe were four in number - the brigs Silver Lining and Fairy Queen, the three-masted schooner Duke of Edinburgh, and the ketch Wanderer.
    The Silver Lining, brig, owned by Mr Murnin of Sydney, 228 tons, Leisher, master, arrived at Timaru on August 14 from Newcastle, having on board a cargo of piles, maize, coals &c., about a third portion of which had been unloaded by Tuesday last. This was the only vessel which escaped out of four. 
    The Fairy Queen, brig 214 tons, Spence, master, was owned by Messrs Nipper and See, commission agents, Melbourne and Sydney, and was one of the finest vessels of the kind with the exception perhaps of the Prospero, that has ever visited this port. She was an Aberdeen clipper, nearly new, and was well found in every respect. She arrived in the roadstead on August 12 from Newcastle, with a cargo of 345 tons of coal, consigned to Mr Henry Green, the whole of which with the exception of twenty tons had been discharged before Saturday last.
    The Duke of Edinburgh, three-masted schooner, 77 tons, Dunn, master, is owned by Messrs Combs and Daldy, of Auckland. The vessel built in 1868, for a steamer, and used as such in the Auckland trade until recently, when she was converted to a sailing vessel, making a smart, tidy-looking craft. She arrived here on Tuesday last from Auckland, with a cargo of 36,956 feet oft of timber for use in the Temuka bridge. Just before anchoring she collided with the brig Silver Lining, and carried away her jibboom.
    On Wednesday, the Wanderer, ketch, 29 tons, McLean, master, and owned by the mate Ned Bradley, arrived here on August 21, with a cargo of forty-nine tons of coal. She finished unloading on Monday last, and took in on the same day 203 bags of wheat belonging to Mr H. Green, that being her complement of cargo on board at the time she was wrecked.
    The gale commenced during the night, and blew steadily in till Wednesday morning. The sea continued to increase, Wednesday, all four were pitching heavily. About twenty minutes after one, when the gun at the flagstaff, where Capt. Mills, the harbour master, was keeping a sharp look-out, announced something was wrong. The brig Fairy Queen had parted her cable, and was drifting in towards the reefs off Sea View Villa. The signal had the effect of attracting a large number of people to the beach.  In addition to the rocket-apparatus being placed in readiness to be conveyed to any place it might be needed, the lifeboat crew were ordered to be ready for action. After the parting of the Fairy Queen's cable another anchor was dropped from the brig. There was about a length between her and the reef. 
    At 3.15 p.m. , the Duke of Edinburgh, parted and drifted towards shore, passing close to the ketch Wanderer. When about a chain from the shore, at the point where the remains of the old breakwater lay, and where a rocky reef juts out, the schooner's jib's were hauled up, and the vessel steered in a southerly direction, everybody hoped endeavouring to lay up to the wind and stand to sea but the rest of the sailed were seen to be clewed up, and the vessel steered towards the shore, and beached immediately in front of the Government Landing Service shed, where she swung round, her stem pointing towards the south.  A rope was thrown on board from the shore. The cradle was then set to work, and five of the seamen were taken off in a very short time. The sea was occasionally making a clean breach over her. A hawser was then got on board the vessel, fastened securely to some piles on shore. Ropes were attached to the masts and attempts were made to cant the vessel towards the shore in order that the breakers might not have such an injurious effect upon her. The attempt was fruitless, as was also the endeavour to haul by means of the Landing Service engine, the stern of the vessel up the beach. Several articles including the chronometer were taken ashore. The injured done to the schooner is not apparently great, the rudder having carried away, and the copper stripped partially off her port side.  The tide left her high and dry.  
    No sooner did darkness set in than both wind and sea spring up stronger than ever.  About 7 o'clock the Fairy Queen had broken loose.
A blue light was burned on shore indicating a good position to strike the beach. Unfortunately, she went too far to the northward, and struck on a rocky reef, about four chains above where the Duke of Edinburgh was lying, the sea rushing clean over her. A small fire was immediately lighted, and the apparatus fixed, by which a rope was dropped fairly between the vessel's masts. Just after this a barrel of pitch was procured, and lighted on the rocks a little way up the cliffs. No time was lost getting the cradle to work again, and one by one the seamen (nine in all) were conveyed to shore amid cheers of the crowd, the mate and captain coming last. From the time the vessel broke away till the men were rescued very little over half an hour has elapsed. The crew were only just got off in time, for a few moments after the last had been pulled ashore an enormous roller struck the vessel and caused the mainmast to go by the board, at the same time forging the vessel (which had been lying head on), broadside on to the rocks, the deck canting towards the shore. At about ten minutes to eight o'clock the after part of the vessel's bottom had been stove in. Shortly after this the galley was observed to be on fire.
    A cry was raised that there was another vessel ashore, which proved to be the ketch Wanderer. The rocket apparatus was again got ready. The vessel struck mid way between the Duke of Edinburgh and the Fairy Queen, but was immediately driven off again and driven heavily against the brig, her mainmast at the same time going by the board. Suddenly, a heavy breaker tumbled in, and the vessel was carried to the stem of the brig, her bow running on to the beach with the stern to seaward. The seamen, three in number - master, mate, and another - were observed clinging to the bowsprit; a line of men on shore now joined hands, and as each man jumped off he was conveyed ashore, all being very much exhausted. The vessel shortly after this was again carried away northward by a heavy roller, and deposited on the beach about a chain and a half from the Fairy Queen. When the tide had left the shore sufficiently to get on board the ketch's dingy and the clothes of the sailors were fetched ashore. 
    Fears for the brig Silver Lining were felt, more especially as it was known that the captain's wife and two children were on board. At about eleven o'clock the wind and rain suddenly ceased. Another bluelight was exhibited from the vessel, and this was answered by a gun from the lighthouse. Fortunately, just as she reached the outer breakers a land breeze sprang up and carried her away. 
    The Fairy Queen continued to burn throughout the night, burning a hole in the deck, a quantity of coal, and a portion of the rigging. Friday morning she was put up to auction by Mr R. Turnbull, and knocked down to Messrs Bradden and Shiers for 135 pounds. A 15 cwt anchor and 60 fathom cable, and a 10 cwt anchor and 30 fathom cable, as they lay bouyed in the harbour, fetched 9 pounds, the purchasers being Messrs Hill, Simpson, and Graham. The captain lost private effects to the value of 40 pounds. Most of the cargo was landed yesterday Duke of Edinburgh.
The Wander shifted four chains further northward with yesterday's morning's tide, and although injured slightly in her after part only about twenty bags of the wheat on her was injured. Later in the day 200 bags of wheat were got out, and sold by auction for 7s 9d per bag, Mr Cliff being the purchaser. The vessel will be sold at auction today. 
    The Duke of Edinburgh was valued at 1300 pounds, and is insured in the South British Insurance Company for 650 pounds. The Silver Lining is insured in the same office for 1000 pounds. The Fairy Queen is covered by a heavy insurance policy.

The Star, Wednesday, September 3 1873 page 3
The Wrecks at Timaru
The dismantling of the brig Fairy Queen was commenced Friday. Captain Gibson and Captain Scott held a survey on the schooner Duke of Edinburgh on Saturday, and drew up a report recommending that she should be abandoned to the underwriters. 
The ketch Wanderer, was bought at auction on Friday last by Mr H. Cain for 100 pounds. Preparations for launching her are to be made this morning. It is the intention of her owner to put her in thorough repair, and if this is found impracticable while floating, she will be beached near the Landing and Shipping Company's Service. The lessees of the Government Landing Service have demanded through their solicitor, compensation from the agent of the Duke of Edinburgh by reason of that vessel entirely blocking up the front of the Landing Service premises, and making working the boats impracticable. The brig Silver lining, whose cable was slipped when she left the roadstead during Wednesday night, returned to an anchorage on Saturday last. During the storm on Wednesday Captain Leisher was struck by the wheel, and had his shoulder out out, and one of the sailors received some injuries in the chest. The vessel was not damaged. Her cable and chain were picked up yesterday by a boat's crew from the Government Landing Service. - Timaru Herald, Sept. 1.

Otago Witness Sept. 6 1873 page 15
The hull and parts of the Fairy Queen were sold by auction to day for 144 pounds.

Otago Witness Sept. 6 1873 page 15
Fairy Queen and Duke of Edinburgh
September 3
The Duke of Edinburgh has been sold by auction. The hull and rigging fetched 205 pounds, and the sundries 45 pounds. The vessel would have brought more had not the purchaser become liable to the lessees of the Government landing service for damages by blocking up the passage of boats.

Oamaru, Aug. 28. 1873
Two coal-laden vessels, just in from Newcastle, were wrecked last night- the Emile, owners, Messrs. Grace and McIntosh, of this port, and the Scotsman, of Newcastle. The former was insured for �1200, and the latter partly insured. All lives saved by the Rocket Brigade, under the direction of Captain Sewell. Both vessels have gone to pieces.

Otago Witness Sept. 6 1873 page 15
Oamaru, Aug. 28. 1873
The Emille was insured for 1300pounds. The wreck of the Scotsman was sold this afternoon for 47 pounds 10s, and the cargo for 48 pounds. 

 

1875

The Star May 8th 1875 Oamaru 
Heavy Weather - 'Cyrene' & 'Princess Alice' wrecked

All vessels were sent to sea at 4 a.m. The Elderslie fouled the Young Dick and stranded. At Timaru eight vessels had to leave the roadstead this morning at daylight on account of the heavy weather. A barque and a brig are still riding it out, and cannot get to sea with this wind.

The Star May 10th 1875 
Wrecks at Oamaru and Timaru
On Saturday afternoon the 3 masted schooner Elderslie went ashore at Oamaru. A total wreck. Yesterday at Timaru, the brig Princess Alice went to the rocks, at 6.30 a.m., and the barque Cyrene, at 10.30. a.m. where they also will be total wrecks. No lives were lost in either case.
    The barque Cyrene and brig Princess Alice were owned by Capt. Richard Wood, of Lyttelton, and Mr C.W. Turner, of Christchurch. The Cyrene recently arrived from San Francisco with railway sleepers, only a portion of which had been discharged. The Princess Alice had not quite discharges her cargo of coal from Newcastle, but had already taken onboard some eight hundred sacks of wheat from Messrs. Cunningham and Co., who had chartered her for Sydney to load with grain. By these wrecks the colonial Insurance Companies are large loosers. The Cyrene and Princess Alice were both insured with the New Zealand Insurance Company, the former for 4500 pounds and the latter 2000 pounds. The cargo and freight from America, of the Cyrene were insured with London Lloyds for 5000 pounds, a greater part of which they will have to pay through the wreck of the vessel. The Cyrene went on the beach half a cable's length south of Strathallan Street, Timaru.

Timaru Herald
Monday 10 April 1900 pg4
Wreckage of 1875
One day last week Mr Stumbles rooted up with the Priestman grab from the sea bottom at the T wharf, a heavy piece of wreckage about 10ft square, of heavy timbers, being of pine with wood and iron fastenings, part of the side of a vessel, for there are pieces of chain-plates fast to it. It was a fragment of the barque Cyrene, wrecked on Sunday, May 9th, 1875, in the company in misfortune with the brig Princess Alice. The Princess Alice was an English built brig of 268 tons, she had on board 40 tons of coal, undischarged cargo, and 860 sacks of wheat just shipped. The Cyrene was an American built barque of 527 tons, arrived on April 21st from San Francisco with 18,000 sleepers for the Government railway then being constructed to Temuka. Both vessels belonged to Captain R. Wood and Mr C.W. Turner, of Christchurch. The hulls and the sleepers remaining on the Cyrene were sold at auction to Mr H. Cain, the Princes Alice hull for 50 pounds, the Cyrene's for 275 pounds, and the sleepers remaining for 950 pounds. Every sleeper was saved, and from these alone Captain Cain must have netted a large profit on the transaction. The hull of the Princess Alice was subsequently purchased by the owners of the Government Landing Service and broken up to get it out of the way, as by blocking the travel of shingle- the wreck must have lain just about the root of the breakwater - the beach on the north side was scoured away, the Strathallan street sewer damaged, and the Landing service hampered in working and threatened with destruction. The Cyrene was broken up for firewood and some of them sank in the boat channel from the Government Landing Service, where they caused inconvenience by fouling the boat lines, and from time to time these pieces were fished for and dragged out of the way.

Daily Southern Cross, 13 May 1875, Page 2
At Oamaru the 'Elderslie' bilged and canted over, deck to the sea, on the rocks, midway between the landing place and the breakwater. She will be a complete wreck. A telegram from Timaru states that the brigs 'Princess Alice' and 'Cyrene' went ashore on the rocks, where they are likely to become total wrecks. No lives were lost in either case. The colonial insurance companies are heavy losers. The 'Cyrene' and 'Princess Alice ' were both insured with the New Zealand Insurance Company, the former for 4,500 pounds, and the latter for 2,000 pounds, but that company has largely re-insured with other colonial offices. The cargo and freight, from America, of the 'Cyrene' were insured with London Lloyd's for 5,000 pounds.
The; brig ' Princess Alice ' and barque ' Cyrene ' have been wrecked. The latter was on her voyage from San Francisco to Timaru. She is insured in the New Zealand Company's office for about 1,800 pounds. The hull, masts, spars, rigging, boats, ropes, Bails, and all the gear belonging to the wreck of the  Elderslie,' were sold in 17 lots for 302 pounds. The Elderslie, 293 tons, was built at Peterhead, Aberdeen in 1868 .

 

1877

The Star April 20th 1877 
Wreck of the 'Isabella Ridley' at Timaru  April 19 1877

The barque Isabella Ridley came ashore at 3 o'clock, right in front of the Government landing services. She had been dragging her anchors all day, and at last both cables parted. The captain made all sail, and tried to beach her, but had no wind. He then stowed his canvas, and headed for the beach, flying a signal of distress. The rocket crew had been summoned by a gun from the Harbour master's Station, and as soon as the barque beached they threw a rocket through the foresail, setting it on fire for a time. The line held, and the crew of 10 were soon safely landed. The barque crushed her timbers on the rocks, and threatened to capsize when she first struck. She is now standing stiffly and the seas do not seem to be doing her any harm. About two thousand people witnessed the whole affair. It was a lovely, calm, sunny day, with a tremendous sea. The Isabella Ridley arrived here from Newcastle in March 28, and has two thousand sacks of grain on board. The cargo now on board is insured by the South British. The topsail schooner Rosannah Rose has drifted in Caroline Bay, and is in great danger. The French barque Yvonne is in trim for a beat out, and is labouring heavily. The schooner Annie, ketch Young Dick, brigantine Mary King, and the fore-aft schooner Onward are riding well to their cables, though much strained. The sea is increasing, and lulling at intervals, and the wind is dying away altogether.

 

1879

 

Timaru Herald, 30 June 1879, Page 2 
Sunday seems to be anything but a red letter day as far as Timaru is concerned, no less than four different series of shipping disasters having occurred on that day. The sea rose rapidly, and in half an hour nothing but a sheet of foam was to be seen through the night-glasses. At 1.30 a.m. Captain Mills, who had been watching the lights of the vessels carefully, observed that one was drifting towards the Waimataitai Lagoon. He at once prepared to fire the gun in order to call the Socket Brigade together but he found its muzzle was crammed full of stones and dirt, and it took another half hour to clean it out. The vessel, the Akbar, drifted down until she struck the beach, shortly before five' o'clock, about a mile and a half beyond Dashing Bocks. Directly she touched the beach she began to break up, and in a very few minutes was split open from stem to stern. A lifebuoy was given to Mrs Watts, who stuck to the vessel for some time in company with the boatswain, and when last stern she still had hold of it. The cook, the boatswain, and the boy soon disappeared, while the mate (J. Bynham), the passenger (John Wright), and D. Bardley, R. Humphreys, Charles Dahlim and a Frenchman named James Waglett (able seamen), after being washed up and down the beach for some time, got on dry land. Bradley and Waglett were terribly bruised by floating timbers. The six men who had succeeded in getting ashore, crouched on the shingle, and braved the wild and bitterly cold elements as best they could until day broke, when they made for Mr Belfield's house. There they were most hospitably received, well fed, and supplied with dry clothes, two of them being without a rag or garment on them when they landed. During the whole of the forenoon they were most hospitably entertained by Mr and Mrs Belfield, who spared no pains to make the unfortunate castaways as comfortable as possible.

This is the 1905 tons The 'Euphrosyne' steel ship at Port Adelaide. Part of A.D. Edwardes Collection The One of the ships owned by C.S. Caird and Co., Greenock.

Euphrosyne (Ship : 1873-1875) Built by Alex Duthie at Auckland as the "Duke of Edinburgh" in April 1868. Built as a paddle steamer of 86 tons. On 23 January she was re-registered at Auckland, having been converted from a paddle steamer to a three-masted schooner of 77 tons. On 27 August 1873 she was wrecked at Timaru, and sold at auction to H Green. She was refloated, and sailed for Lyttelton. Still in H Green ownership she was repaired, and re-registered under the name "Euphrosyne", at this point strangely registered as having been built by Green at Lyttelton, and allotted a new official number. The on 14 March 1875 the "Euphrosyne" sailed from Dunedin for Oamaru, and was never seen or heard of again; there was no trace found. See "New Zealand shipwrecks" by C W N Ingram.

 

 

Timaru Herald Monday June 30 1879
Two Wrecks.

The brigantine Akbar was riding almost ahead of the Clan Campbell, parted her anchor first and drifted. Another anchor was let go. The terrible wind and sea forced her towards Washdyke. Her crew: Captain Watts, J. Bynham (the mate), a passenger named John Wright, Ned the boatswain, a boy named James, the cook (the former was one of the men saved from the Melrose in September last year), and Charles Duhlim, D. Bradley, R. Humphreys, and a Frenchman named James Waglett, able seaman. Mrs Watts, the wife of the Captain was on board. They had been married some seven or eight months and were both young in years. The Captain was carried overboard and never seen again. She struck a mile and a half beyond Dashing Rocks. The buoy was given to Mrs Watts. Six men got ashore and made for Mr Belfield's house. The Akbar was an American brigantine, built some six years ago and was the sole property of the Captain. She was not insured. She arrived here on Monday last from Newcastle with a cargo of 350 tons of coal consigned to Mr E. Smith. Three hundred tons of the cargo was still on board. That was fully insured. She grounded fully four miles from the Lighthouse. 
The bonnie little topsail schooner Pelican came to grief. Her bowsprit was carried away by the George Noble and she became disabled. Captain Munro finding his cargo shifting, slipped anchors. The Pelican steered directly towards the beach. She is a wooden schooner, of 74 tons, and was built at Manning River, NSW in 1874. She is owned by Mr Henry Aitkens, of Oamaru and carried five hands. All safely landed.

Timaru Herald, 1 July 1879, Page 2
The following fuller information regarding the names, &c, of all who were on board the unfortunate vessel when she came ashore has been obtained : � Captain Watts was a man of about 40 years of age, but it is not known whether he was a Scotchman or an American by birth. Mrs Watts' maiden name was Margaret Witlow or Wadlow, she was 28 years of age, and was married about six years ago in Glasgow, her native place. She has a brother holding a high position in one of the banks at Auckland. From the time of her marriage she had been at sea with her husband. Captain Watts was previously to taking charge of the Akbar, at different times captain of two large Glasgow steamships. Three years since he, on the death of a brother, who owned a half of the Akbar, claimed the vessel, and sailed her for Bombay and then came to Australia. He has been running her in the colonial trade. Of the others who have been drowned, Edward Brissen, the boatswain, was a single man and a native of Liverpool, and was about 34 years old ; John Thompson, the cook, leaves a wife and family in Spitalfields, London; James Shea, the boy, was before the mast, was 19 years old and also belonged to Liverpool. The names of those who got safely ashore are J. Bylund, first mate, who has a wife and family at Auckland ; David Bradley, James Ford, Charles Dahlim, and R. Humphreys, able seamen ; and John Wright, passenger. The latter is a relative of Mr Cook, chemist, of Timaru.

The Star Wednesday 2nd July 1879
Mrs Watts, wife of the captain of the Akbar, has a brother in one of the Auckland banks. John Thompson, the cook, leaves a wife and family in London.

The Star Thursday 3rd July 1879
The Late Captain Watt.
Captain Anthony of the barquentine Annie Bow, states that the late Captain Watt, of the brigantine Akbar, was the son of Captain Watt, of Geelong, Victoria, a retired sea captain. He was also brother of Captain Watt who some five or six years ago sold the Bothwell Castle in Sydney, and brother to the captain Watt who sold the Cheviot to Howard, Smith and Co., Melbourne, two or three years ago.

Otago Witness July 5th 1879. 
The brigantine Akbar. Captain Watts, his wife Mrs Margaret Watts; the boatswain Edward Brissen; J, Thompson, cook; and James Shea, ship's boy; drowned. Ten captain was the owner. The remaining crew saved are: - Bynham, mate; Wright, passenger; Dalion, Wadlett, Bardley, Humphries, seaman. The body of the sailor McEwen, belonging to the Beautiful Star, who was drowned by the boat capsizing on Saturday, has also been recovered. Mrs Watts has a brother in one of the Auckland banks.  John Thompson leaves a wife and family in London.

Grey River Argus, 2 July 1879, Page 2
A most disastrous shipping casualty has occurred about 2 a.m. The brigantine Akbar, recently arrived from Newcastle with coal, parted her cables, and commenced drifting towards the shore. Captain John Watts was washed overboard about a mile off the land, and was not seen after. The others held on to the vessel until it was wrecked about 4 a.m., when three sailors (John Thomas, the cook ) (James Shea, ship's boy) and Mrs Margaret Watts, the captain's wife, were drowned in the surf. Five of the crew, and a passenger, came ashore safe. Their condition was pitiable, the vessel having been wrecked some considerable distance from the town, and they had to remain on the beach, most of them in a perfectly nude state, until 7 o'clock, when two of them went to the residence of Herbert Belfield, which is situated near the place. Belfield at once did all in his power to relieve their sufferings, and after having attended to their immediate wants, sent into town for clothes 'for them. Shortly afterwards the Rocket Brigade became aware of the disaster which had taken place, and had them conveyed into town. Three of them were hurt, and had to be taken to the Hospital. At noon the schooner Pelican, of Oamaru, came ashore high and dry, the crew being able to land almost dry on foot. The Akbar is going to pieces, but it is possible the Pelican might be got off.

Inquest -  Timaru Herald, 2  & 4 July 1879, Page 2
Edward James Bylund : I was first mate of the brigantine Akbar,  (hold's a NZ mate's certificate No. 2420 -wrecked near the Washdyke Lagoon on Sunday morning last. I have seen the bodies now lying here, and identify them as those of Edward Brissen (boatswain), Captain Watts, Margaret Watts (the captain's wife), and John Thompson (cook). I have been at sea for thirty years. I joined the Akbar at Newcastle on May 30th last. She was owned by the deceased captain, and was not insured. We brought a cargo of coals from Newcastle to Timaru. The Akbar was about five or six years old, of 205 tons, and properly fitted out and manned. The boatswain was on board the barque Melrose when she was wrecked here.
Charles Dablin : I was an Able seaman aboard the Akbar. I joined at Newcastle on May 30th.
 Richard Humphreys : I was an able seaman on board the Akbar. I have been at sea thirty years, off and on. As far as my experience goes, the vessel's cables were all they ought to be.
This concluded the evidence, and the jury, after a short consultation, returned the following verdict :  " That the deceased canto by their deaths by having been accidentally drowned."

1873

1873 The schooner "Duke of Edinburgh" (foreground) and the brig "Fairy Queen" (background) aground at Timaru, after being swept ashore in a southerly gale on 27 August 1873. Photograph taken by William Ferrier of Timaru. - natlib.govt.nz/132912

The Duke of Edinburgh, built at Lyttelton, in 1873 carried 39,956 feet of timber from Auckland for the Temuka bridge. She was sold at auction for 205 pounds, refloated from the beach and named the Euphrosyne.

 'Duke of Edinburgh' wooden schooner 76 tons. 'Fairy Queen' on left [Duke of Edinburgh = wooden 3 mast schooner (ex Paddle Steamer) 76 tons, ON52446. 100.0 x 16.5 x 6.5. Built 1868 Alexander Duthie, Auckland as a paddle steamer sold in 1872 to WC Daldy, Auckland and converted into a sailing ship. August 27, 1873 stranded at Timaru NZ and badly damaged. Sold, she was salvaged, repaired and reregistered as Euphrosyne at Lyttelton. On March 14 1875 she sailed from Dunedin bound for Timaru and disappeared] [As Euphrosyne = wooden 3 mast schooner, 75 tons. ON54000, 100.0 x 16.7 x 6.6. Built in 1873 from the Duke of Edinburgh that had been wrecked at Oamaru in August 1873. The wreck was reloated and taken to Lyttelton and rebuilt. When owned by James Grave of Lyttelton and registered at that port she went missing, having sailed from Dunedin Sept. 14, 1875 for Oamaru]

From a volume titled 'New Zealand Owned Wooden and Iron and Steel Sailing Vessels'. This section comprises 'New Zealand Owned Wooden Sailing Vessels'. This image is from the A.D. Edwardes Collection of about 8,000 photographs, mostly of sailing ships from around the world, taken between about 1865 and 1920. Mounted in 91 albums, the photographs are arranged by country of ownership, with some special volumes such as 'Shipping at Port Adelaide' and 'South Australian outports'. Additional information, giving the history of the ships where known, has been provided by maritime historian, Ron Parsons. - https://collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/resource/PRG+1373/41/6

'Fairy Queen' wooden brigantine 214 tons [wooden 2 mast brigantine, 214 tons. ON45206, 111.4 x 24.5 x 13.4. Built Aberdeen Scotland, 1863. Owners: 1867 Henry Cook, registered London; March 1872 JG Punch of Sydney, registered Melbourne: May 1872 George Nipper. Wrecked at Timaru New Zealand August 27, 1873] From a volume titled 'New Zealand Owned Wooden and Iron and Steel Sailing Vessels'. https://collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/resource/PRG+1373/41/17

1875

Timaru Herald Friday 12 Nov. 1875 page 2
The Glimpse, ketch rigged, 38 tons register, and coppered, well-known at this port, was wrecked on Monday last off the Peninsula. The Captain's report. On Monday afternoon, we were about twenty miles to the south of Akaroa Heads, when the wind veered round to the south-west, with every appearance of a gale. We ran in towards the Peninsula, but for some time, owing to the mist, we could not distinguish the outline of the coast. The wind increased very much... The squall followed her round and filled the sails so that she went over on her broadside. The Thames, ketch, fortunately, was coming up behind us, and succeeding in getting us off in safety. The ketch is lying on her broadside on a lot of boulders, a little northward of the Maori Kaik; she seems to be grinding away. The timber is consigned to Messrs Jackson and Gibson, of Timaru. 

A topsail schooner belonging to Messrs Turnbull and Co., which was wrecked when only one year old in 1875. It is shown in good condition with crew aboard, and a ladder propped against the hull, possibly while stranded on a south coast beach in Wellington before refloating. The sea in the background appears to be open sea, possibly Cook Strait, with a distant steamer on the horizon.

Elibank Castle' (1874 - 1885) - on hard sand in New Zealand Turnbull, Alexander Horsburgh, 1868-1918. She stranded on Ninety Mile Beach (South Island) near the mouth of the Ashburton River 6th June 1875 – there was no loss of life.

We arrived at Timaru on Tuesday, 1st June, after a very tedious passage of southerly gales and calms, and found eleven sailing vessels and two steamers in the roadstead, some of which had been there 25 days, and had not got clear of their inward cargo. I was on shore once, but landed none of my inward cargo. On Friday, the 4th, at 5 p.m., it commenced to blow a hard gale from the southward, but only three vessels went to sea. On Saturday [6th], at 9.30 a.m., it commenced to blow very heavy, when signals went out from the shore for all vessels to put to sea and they all slipped their cables. We slipped at 10.30 a.m., and stood out to sea with the wind at south. At 2 p.m. the wind hauled to the S.E., putting the vessel on a dead lee shore, the wind blowing furiously, with a tremendous high sea at the beam, throwing the vessel on her beam ends several times, and, scarcely able to recover herself again. At 4 p.m. we saw the schooner Success, of Auckland, owned by Mr. Blair, of Wanganui, about two and a-half miles to leeward, and another vessel about the same distance ahead. The first vessel went ashore twelve miles to the south of us, and the other fifteen miles north. At 8 p.m. we saw land on the lee quarter, and no chance of keeping the vessel off the shore. We then made preparations to save life. At 9.15 p.m. we struck heavily on the beach, the sea breaking heavily over us, being low water at the time. We did not wash up till early next morning, when she was left high and dry. The following high water the sea only met round her. She now lies broadside on to the sea, with a small list to seaward, and about 40 yards from a cliff, which I measured, and found to be 46 feet high. The bench is loose, soft shingle. The vessel does not appear to have hurt much. She must have rubbed a considerable amount of copper off her bottom, which cannot be seen, as she is well embedded in the shingle. Sunday, 9 a.m., we all started in various directions over the plain, to try and find a habitation. - https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/231582464?keyword=Timaru&startPos=160

1877

The Star Monday 24 December 1877
Wreck of the 'Craig Ellachie' at Timaru

On Friday night and Saturday morning last it blew quite a violent south-east gale at Timaru, and the roadstead was running unusually high, causing the three vessels lying at anchor to labour very heavily. At six o'clock on Saturday morning the Harbour-master noticed that they were all dragging their anchors more or less, and as the gale blew dead in-shore and was still freshening, serious consequences were looked for. All went well till about 7 o'clock, enormous rollers kept breaking in threatened every minute to swamp them. An unusually sea struck the brig Craig Ellachie, and she parted her cable and drifted helplessly on to the rocks about four chains north of the Government Landing Service. When the harbour-master observed the accident he at once fired the signal gun for the Rocket Brigade to turn out, and they mustered promptly and repaired to the scene of the wreck with their apparatus to get the crew ashore. They were not long getting a line on board and fixing their apparatus, and in a very short time Capt. Meredith, his crew, and Mrs Meredith, were got safely ashore. The vessel is now lying high up on a sort of flat table rock close to the shingle beach, and has sustained no damage whatever, but it is unlikely that she will be got off. She is owned by Messrs. E. and J. Smith, coal merchants, Timaru, who value her at 2500 pounds. The hull is insured in the New Zealand office for 1000 pounds and in the Union for 300 pounds, so the owners are likely to lose about 1200 pounds by the wreck. the vessel has about 100 tons of coal in her out of 340 she brought from Newcastle ten days ago. She has been engaged in the coal trade between Newcastle and Timaru for some time, and has lade some splendid trips. When the tide went down on Saturday afternoon the crew were engaged bringing their clothing and movables ashore, and the vessel was lying almost high and dry. At noon Saturday the gale was still blowing fresh, and the schooner Kate McGregor had dragged her anchor to within two chains of the beach, and it was feared that she would share the fate of the Craig Ellachie. The three-masted schooner Anne Bow was weathering it splendidly, and looked as if she was likely to successfully defy the south-east burster and the unusually heavy sea that it brought with it.
    A telegram from Timaru, sent yesterday afternoon says; The Craig Ellachie is still sound, but has shifted her position slightly. The other two vessels weathered the gale splendidly. The weather is calm and brought, and the sea smooth. 

 

1878

West Coast Times, 28 June 1878, Page 2
NOTICE TO MARINERS.
Exhibition of  A Fixed White Light at Timaru. Marine Department, Wellington, 17th June, 1878.
It is hereby notified that on and after the 1st day of July next, a harbor light will be exhibited from the Lighthouse which has been erected at Timaru, the position and characteristics of which arc as follow:  The Timaru Lighthouse is situated in the town of Timaru, on the east coast of the Middle Island of New Zealand, and bears from Patiti Point N.W.  N. distance 1� miles. The tower is 30 feet in height, is built of timber, and painted stone color. The light will be a fifth order fixed white light, and will be risible from N. 20 degrees W. round by W. to S. 20 degrees E. The light is elevated about 85 feet above the sea, and, allowing 15 feet for the height of the observer's eye, will be seen at a distance of about 14J nautical miles in clear weather, and at lesser distance according to the state of the atmosphere. On the same night that this light is exhibited, the red light at present shown at Timaru will be discontinued. J. Ballance. N.B.  All bearings are magnetic. This notice affects the following Admiralty Charts, viz : General Chart of New Zealand (No. 1212), and Sheet 9 (No. 2532).

Shipwrecks at Timaru
From the Timaru Herald, September 3rd 1878 
& Otago Witness September 7 1878 page 11

On Sunday only two men met their deaths. One was a sailor named Arthur Connolly, or "Peter," belonging to the barque Melrose, and the other Captain Evans of the ketch Palmerston. The former was washed overboard while attempting to seize a rocket line at the time the barque grounded. His body was picked up yesterday afternoon, floating in the surf near the scene of the disaster, and conveyed to the Melville Hotel. Connolly was an Irishman of about 23 years of age, was a single man and had shipped in the Melrose at Newcastle, just prior to her leaving for Timaru. Captain Evans, of the Palmerston, was drowned, while attempting to reach the Melrose after the latter vessel struck his vessel. His body was seen floating in front of the Government Landing Service late on Sunday evening. Two of the Palmerton's crew were picked up by the Melrose and saved. The brigantine Lapwing was found to be uninjured with the exception of the false keel knocked away and portions of her copper stripped. The ketch Glimpse lies high and dry at the entrance of Hikari Creek (next to Whale's Creek), and her hull is whole and sound. 
    The Melrose was owned partly by Catley of Sydney, partly by Captain Kenney, and partly by other persons. The only insurance on her hull is 350 in the South British Company. 
    The ketch Fanny, was built at Port Chalmers in 1872, and was owned by Messes Guthrie and Larach's Woodware Factory Company. Her hull was insured in the New Zealand Insurance Company for �500.
    The Lapwing, Dunsford, brigantine, 228 tons, was built at Prince Edward Island in 1876, and was brought over to Auckland by her present captain. She is owned by Mr G.W. Owen of Auckland.
    The ketch Palmerston, the only one out of the five vessels which were in the roadstead on Sunday morning which is still afloat, was built in Port Chalmers in 1874, and her owners were her late captain (Evans), and Captain Brehner of Port Chalmers. 
    The Glimpse was built in Whangarei in 1864 and belongs to Mr Fraser of Dunedin and is fully insured.

Lapwing, 75471. Brigantine, 231.02 tons. 114.5 x 24.6 x 12.95 ft.; 
Built at Murray Harbour, Prince Edward Island, 1876, by Davies and McFadyen. 
Registered No.79/1876, (30/xi/76), Port of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. (I.R.) 
Registered No. 8/1878, (22/iii/78), Port of Auckland. 
Deck - house added in 1879, 243.32 tons. 
Alt. In 1885: 243.32//231.90 tons. 
Min. Cas.: 1/ix/1878, Std. Timaru, William Anderson. 
Min. Cas.: 23/iv/1884, L/1, Tasman Sea, Theodore Thomas Watts. 
Vessel condemned and sold by public auction at Monte Video, 3/vi/1886. 
Ownerships: Pt.2, pp. 37,39,89,104,110,124,153. From the Watt List.

Timaru Herald, 4 September 1878, Page 3
An inquest was held yesterday afternoon at the Melville Hotel, Timaru. before B. Woollcombe, Esq., Conner, and a jury, touching the death, on Sunday last, of a sailor of the late barque Melrose, named Arthur Connolly, alias Arthur Waters. The following jury were sworn . � John Campbell, F. Scott, J. Allpress, M. Mullin, J. Macpherson, Thos. F. Dillion. J. Craigie, J. Cotton, J. Whitttker, C. Dodson, F. Buchanan, A. Bennett, J. Herman, R. S. Cook. Mr Allpress was chosen foreman. The following evidence was taken :  James Howie : I was chief mate of the barque Melrose. We were lying at anchor in the roadstead of Timaru on Sunday last. At half-past 11 am. the barque parted her cables, and she was driven ashore by the heavy sea. She struck about 12 o'clock. In half an hour after she struck she became a total wreak, and the deceased was drowned in endeavoring to get ashore. He was on a piece of the wreck. I saw him leaving the wreck, and when I reached shore I found that he was missing. On Monday discovered him in the surf near where we came ashore. I believe the name by which he was entered on the articles of the ship, was Arthur Waters, but he told me his name was Connolly. He was an able seaman, and about 23 years old. He was an Irishman. He was not married. If the cables were twice stronger I think they would not have held her. The vessel was about 20 years old. All the rest of the crew were saved. She left Newcastle. The article of the vessel having been produced, the deceased's name appeared therein, as Arthur Waters, a native of Liverpool. Peter Pender : I am an Inspector of Police, stationed at Timaru. I saw the barque Melrose leave her anchorage last Sunday. The sea was the roughest I ever saw. I went round with the Rocket Brigade to where she grounded. The Rocket Brigade threw a line over, but the men on board did not seen to understand how to work it, and before they had put it in order, the rigging gave way. In less than half an-hour the vessel smashed up like a match-box. The whole of the men were amongst the wreckage'. struggling for their lives. The vessel broke up about 40 or 50 yards from the shore. The Rocket Brigade threw a second line, but it was useless. All the crew were saved except on. Several jurors were desirous to hear evidence as to the seaworthiness of the vessel. Some said that the vessel was rotten, others said that they heard she was condemned as unseaworthy three years ago, but the Coroner held that such an inquiry was not within their province, and that a Court of Inquiry would be held to elicit the information. After some further conversation, the jury returned a verdict to the effect that the decease came by his death by being accidentally drowned.

  

1879

Timaru Herald 4 December 1879 pg6 Official Inquiry.
Loss of the Schooner John Watson from Timaru Herald Nov. 24.
The three masted schooner struck on the reefs, on Nov. 20, to the southward of the roadstead. She was in the company of the small schooner Saxon. The son of Mr Young, baker, of Arthur street, was on board, having gone off a day or two before for the purpose of fishing and having been unable to return. Captain Storm. On crossing the reef off Bloody Jack's Point, she struck heavily. She lies in 20 fathoms of water, about ten miles from the coast, off Waimate. The John Watson was a three masted schooner of 209 tons, and was owned by Mr George Steele, of Banff, Scotland, at which port she was built in 1875, by Mr John Watson, after whom she was named. She had about 220 tons of coal on board when she was lost, belonging to Mr E. Smith. All rescued by the Saxon.

Robert Storm, late master of the John Watson, stated: I hold a Board of Trade certificate of competency as master, No. 21575 (produced). I arrived in the Timaru roadstead eight or nine days ago, from Newcastle, NSW, with a cargo of coal. I was brought up by the Harbor Master, Alexander Mills, in about four fathoms water, about twenty fathoms north of the Government Landing Service buoy, and anchored with a ten or eleven hundred weight anchor, and thirty fathoms of 11/4 chain cable. On Wednesday afternoon last I found the vessel was drifting towards shore. there was a strong N.E. breeze with a sharp sea.  

Timaru Herald, 25 November 1879, Page 2
An official inquiry into the loss of the schooner John Watson will be held at eleven o'clock this morning, at the Custom House. The vessel, "as she now lies, about twenty miles from Timaru," her long boat, anchor and chains, will be offend for sale by Meesrs Jonas, Hart, and Wildie, at two o'clock this afternoon.

North Otago Times, 25 November 1879, Page 2
LOSS OF THE SCHOONER JOHN WATSON. (Timaru Herald, Nov. 24.)

In our issue of  Saturday we described the endeavor of the three-masted schooner John Watson to got out to son, and stated that it is believed that she had struck on the reefs to the southward of the roadstead and sustained more or less injury. A large number of people witnessed her departure, in company with the small schooner Saxon, and the report being disseminated that the larger vessel had struck the reef, excited a great deal of anxiety to learn her subsequent fate. In the minds of several of the towns people this anxiety was intensified by the fact that a son of Mr Young, baker, of Arthur street, was on board, having gone off a day or two before for the purpose of fishing, and baring been unable to return. The latest news received of the vessel on Friday night was that in response to her signals of distress the Saxon had borne down to her, and that the two wore standing away to the south in company..... The fact that the John Watson had hoisted distress signals left no room for doubt that she had struck the reef and was making water, and throughout the night and next morning inquiries for farther news of her were consequently numerous and earnest. Contrary to the opinion of those watching on shore, Captain Storm says that though his vessel did touch the reef off Patiti Point, it was the merest graze, that could not have been observed from shore, and could only have been observed on board by a sailor. On crossing the reef off Bloody Jack's Point, however, she struck very heavily, being lot down on the rocks with the falling sea. She had a good way on at the time, and rising immediately on another wave, went clear, an without even losing steerage way. She struck apparently from the mizenmast forward, and as the water first showed in the forefoot, it is believed the greater damage was done near the head. The well was sounded as soon as possible, and seven inches of water found in it. The pumps were at once set to work, and the Saxon signalled to lie by for an hour till it should be seen whether the water could be kept under.,....

The John Watson was a three-masted schooner of 209 tons, and was owned by Mr  Jorge Steolo, of Banff, Scotland, at which port she was built in 1875, by Mr John Watson, after whom she was named. She had about 220 tons of coal on board when lost, belonging to Mr E. Smith.

1881

North Otago Times, 4 November 1881, Page 2
The masters of several vessels which have lately arrived at Timaru have told us that they were misled by the bright light at the railway station, St. Andrews. In one instance a vessel was within an ace of going ashore, owing to the resemblance of the light to that erected in the lighthouse, Timaru. The proper place for the lighthouse is Patiti Point, which overlooks the roofs.

The Brisbane Courier Wednesday 4 May 1881
The schooner Arawatie, coal laden, from Greymouth, was wrecked at Timaru. The crew were all saved.

May 4 Timaru Herald 1881
Wreck of the Amaranth. Colin Campbell master of the schooner Amaranth, of Dunedin, belonging to Guthrie and Larnach. Capt. holds a master's certificate.

The Star Wednesday 4 May 1881 page 2
Loss of the Amaranth at Timaru.

Otago Witness Saturday June 18 1881 page 14
Wreck of the brig Pakeha on Ninety Mile Beach, on Saturday morning, 6.3-. a.m. about two miles from the mouth of Lake Ellesmere, bound for Dunedin from Kaipara with a cargo of timber, cosigned to the owner of the vessel, Mr Finlay, timber merchant, of Dunedin. Only one man being rescued from a watery grave. Captain Brewer, left Kaipara on Wednesday, 1st June. Captain Brewer put the vessel before the wind, his intention to seek shelter under Banks Peninsula. Out of the eight hands on board, seven have met with fate which befalls so many of those who "go down to the sea in ships." The only survivor - Christian Petersen, seaman -when he was washed overboard, managed to get hold of a floating spar, to which he clung until it drifted ashore. He was only one of the crew who could not swim. A fisherman found him lying on the beach. The place where the Pakeha came ashore is the same exactly as that where, some two years and four months ago the schooner Clyde was beached during a heavy gale. The Pakeha is a total wreck.

Pakeha, 46849. Brig, 173.4 tons. 91 x 22.8 x 11.7 ft.; 
Built at New Glasgow, Prince Edward Island, in 1863, by Robert Orr. 
Registered No. 84/1863, Port of New Glasgow, Prince Edward Island. (I.R.) 
Registered No. 23/1864, (9/vi/64), Port of Auckland. 
Registered No. 35/1870, Port of Sydney, N.S.W. 
Vessel totally wrecked off Lake Ellesmere, N.Z., on 11/vi/1881. Master: Daniel Brewer (drowned). 
Ownerships: Pt.2, pp. 61,62,86,96,157. From the Watt list.

1882

The Star May 3 1882
Loss of a Grain Ship 'Duke of  'Sutherland' in Timaru Harbour

"A few minutes before seven o'clock Captain Rowlands' felt his vessel quiver very severely. A few minutes later she came down on the ground with a crash."

A good deal of excitement was caused in Timaru to-night by the barque Duke of Sutherland making distress signals in the roadstead. Shortly after seven o'clock a gun was fired on board, and, after waiting about half an hour, two rockets were fired from the vessel, and blue lights were burned on deck as signals of distress. It was at first imagined that the vessel must have parted her moorings, but as she still remained at her anchorage such an idea was abandoned. The Rocket Brigade answered the signals by firing a gun from the lighthouse, and an attempt was made to launch the lifeboat, but the order was countermanded, as the sea was comparatively smooth. The captain and his crew came ashore in the ship's boat about nine o'clock, and reported that the vessel had sprung a leak and was filling with water, there being then fully six feet of water in her hold. The vessel is grain laden, and she had nearly completed her loading, and was expected to sail for London to-morrow with a full cargo.

The Duke of Sutherland, a clipper,  is a strongly built wooden vessel of 1047 tons register, built at Aberdeen in 1865, owned by Jacobs Brothers and Co., of London and was surveyed in 1877 and reclassed for eight years. Captain Rowland is her master. For many years past she had been running in the Australian trade.  The captain says the vessel was labouring in the trough of a heavy sea, and she bumped on the bottom. She is said to be drawing 20 feet of water, with about eight to ten feet of water under, the depth at low tide being about 30 feet. The statement about bumping could not be credited on shore, as the vessel is anchored out about 400 yards from the extreme seaward point of the breakwater, and there are several large vessels anchored close to her. There is a heavy ground swell in the roadstead, but the sea is not rough, as instanced by the fact that several whaleboats have been rowed out to the vessel during the evening. It is far more likely that, being an old wooden vessel and heavily laden, she sprang some timbers by labouring in the trough of the sea. The captain, accompanied by the Harbour Master, has now returned to the ship, and it is said that she is a hopeless wreck, and likely to go down at her anchors before mooring, but until the Harbour Master comes on shore no real authentic information can be gained. The sailors have taken their traps ashore, and say the vessel is doomed.

Later. The vessel is a hopeless wreck. She has not altogether sunk, being built of wood, and an attempt is now being made to drift her to the northward out of the way of the other vessel, but it is doubtful whether it will be successful. She has about 1000 tons of grain in her, 10, 550 sacks of wheat, shipped by the New Zealand Grain Agency and Mercantile Company. The vessel and cargo are fully insured by Adelaide offices.

The Star May 4 1882
May 3. Captain Rowland's and the Harbour Master proceeded on board again about eleven o'clock last night, and succeeded, with a number of men, in keeping her afloat till four o'clock this morning, when she was hauled clear of the other vessels, and the cable slipped, and she was carried down towards Caroline Bay, where she broke up this afternoon. A court of Inquiry will be held tomorrow afternoon.

The barque, Duke of Sutherland, was allowed to drift a few hundred yards to the north, and about noon to-day she canted over on her side, and all her deck fittings where washed away. She disappeared altogether tonight. The hull and cargo are advertised for sale tomorrow, but it strikes me the auctioneer will have to work largely on his imagination in deciding where the vessel actually is.

 

City of Cashmere. Timaru - Brodie Collection, La Trobe Picture Collection, State Library of Victoria.- vic.gov.au/permalink/f/1cl35st/SLV_ROSETTAIE64399

 The iron ship 'City of Cashmere', 980 tons, wrecked on the coast of New Zealand. [iron ship, 990 tons. ON45957. 212.0 x 31.5 x 21.5. Built 1863 (3). A. Stephens and Son, Glasgow, George Smith and Sons, registered Glasgow. Wrecked at Timaru New Zealand, January 14, 1882.] The caption gives the wrong year for the wreck. One of the ships owned by The City Line / John Smith and Son, Glasgow. - https://collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/resource/PRG+1373/14/4

The ship 'City of Cashmere' wrecked at Timaru 1882, Reference Number: PAColl-2197-15, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand

Landing terrace for Timaru Shipping Company, Timaru  - natlib.govt.nz/512388

Annie Bow, Timaru. 1879? A broadside view of a small steam and sailing ship. By Arthur Lagden Haylock (1860-1948). 
Born in Akaroa. In 1877 he entered Government Service and was posted to the Land Office at Timaru. His interest in ships and the sea led him to join the Timaru Rocket Brigade, a group of volunteers which watched over vessels anchored in the roadstead. Involved in the attempts to save the 'City of Perth' and the 'Ben Venue' in May 1882. Transferred to Christchurch and then Wellington. After retirement active in the Anglican Church Men's Society and maintained his interest in compiling records of maritime events. He was only child of Charles Lagden Haylock's second marriage. Had 4 half brothers from a former marriage; Peter, Charles, George and Harry. (Source: Back PA3-0354 & PA3-0358). See also `A Tribute to my pioneer ancestors' by Greta M Haylock, 1974. He also designed the bravery Benvenue medals.

 

1882

 

The Star May 3 1882
Loss of a Grain Ship 'Duke of 'Sutherland' in Timaru Harbour

"A few minutes before seven o'clock Captain Rowlands' felt his vessel quiver very severely. A few minutes later she came down on the ground with a crash."

A good deal of excitement was caused in Timaru to-night by the barque Duke of Sutherland making distress signals in the roadstead. Shortly after seven o'clock a gun was fired on board, and, after waiting about half an hour, two rockets were fired from the vessel, and blue lights were burned on deck as signals of distress. It was at first imagined that the vessel must have parted her moorings, but as she still remained at her anchorage such an idea was abandoned. The Rocket Brigade answered the signals by firing a gun from the lighthouse, and an attempt was made to launch the lifeboat, but the order was countermanded, as the sea was comparatively smooth. The captain and his crew came ashore in the ship's boat about nine o'clock, and reported that the vessel had sprung a leak and was filling with water, there being then fully six feet of water in her hold. The vessel is grain laden, and she had nearly completed her loading, and was expected to sail for London to-morrow with a full cargo.

The Duke of Sutherland, a clipper, is a strongly built wooden vessel of 1047 tons register, built at Aberdeen in 1865, owned by Jacobs Brothers and Co., of London and was surveyed in 1877 and reclassed for eight years. Captain Rowland is her master. For many years past she had been running in the Australian trade. The captain says the vessel was labouring in the trough of a heavy sea, and she bumped on the bottom. She is said to be drawing 20 feet of water, with about eight to ten feet of water under, the depth at low tide being about 30 feet. The statement about bumping could not be credited on shore, as the vessel is anchored out about 400 yards from the extreme seaward point of the breakwater, and there are several large vessels anchored close to her. There is a heavy ground swell in the roadstead, but the sea is not rough, as instanced by the fact that several whaleboats have been rowed out to the vessel during the evening. It is far more likely that, being an old wooden vessel and heavily laden, she sprang some timbers by labouring in the trough of the sea. The captain, accompanied by the Harbour Master, has now returned to the ship, and it is said that she is a hopeless wreck, and likely to go down at her anchors before mooring, but until the Harbour Master comes on shore no real authentic information can be gained. The sailors have taken their traps ashore, and say the vessel is doomed.

Later. The vessel is a hopeless wreck. She has not altogether sunk, being built of wood, and an attempt is now being made to drift her to the northward out of the way of the other vessel, but it is doubtful whether it will be successful. She has about 1000 tons of grain in her, 10, 550 sacks of wheat, shipped by the New Zealand Grain Agency and Mercantile Company. The vessel and cargo are fully insured by Adelaide offices.

The Star May 4 1882
May 3. Captain Rowland's and the Harbour Master proceeded on board again about eleven o'clock last night, and succeeded, with a number of men, in keeping her afloat till four o'clock this morning, when she was hauled clear of the other vessels, and the cable slipped, and she was carried down towards Caroline Bay, where she broke up this afternoon. A court of Inquiry will be held tomorrow afternoon.

The barque, Duke of Sutherland, was allowed to drift a few hundred yards to the north, and about noon to-day she canted over on her side, and all her deck fittings where washed away. She disappeared altogether tonight. The hull and cargo are advertised for sale tomorrow, but it strikes me the auctioneer will have to work largely on his imagination in deciding where the vessel actually is.

 

Section of the Wreck of the Ben Venue and City of Perth 14 May 1882 - Arthur Bradley - Prime Port

After the storm (Timaru Beach 1882, showing the wreck of the ships Benvenue and City of Perth, 1883). John Gibb 1883. Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, bequest of Mr Thomas Peacock Esq, 1922

Author Dave Wilson Date 24 Jan 1978 Approximate location of where the Ben Venue and City of Perth ran aground. PublisherThe Timaru Herald Place of Publication Timaru Subject Shipwrecks Disasters Information File Shipwrecks - https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/3651 

City of Perth was refloated, repaired and renamed"TURAKINA." HOMEWARD BOUND. [picture] : 1247 tons. Built at Glasgow. 1868. Ex City of Perth [between 1885 and 1946].  ELIDA ex TURAKINA ex CITY OF PERTH [picture]. (1910).. (1910). Brodie Collection, La Trobe Picture Collection, State Library of Victoria.

The 'Lyttelton' wrecked at Timaru. The iron ship 'Lyttelton', 1111 tons, wrecked at Timaru [iron ship rigged, 1180 gross, 1111 net tons. ON78620. 223.8 x 35.0 x 21.0. Built 1878 (3) R Duncan and Co., Port Glasgow. Owners: Albion Shipping Co., registered Glasgow. Totally wrecked at Timaru, New Zealand, when leaving for England June 12, 1886. Built for and usually employed in the England-New Zealand passenger and cargo trade. oai:collections.slsa.sa.gov.au:(AuASA)b21287363, PRG 1373/30/1

1885

Timaru Herald December 4 1885 page 2
Nautical Enquiry - The stranding of the barque Hudson on the Ninety Mile Beach near Milford Haven, Temuka was held at Lyttelton today, (Dec. 3) before Mr J. Ollivier, R.M., and Captains D. McIntyre and R. Owen, Nautical Assessors. Mr Rose, Collector of Customs conducted the case, with Mr J.C. Martin as counsel, and Mr H.N. Nalder appearing for the captain and the owners of the vessel. Captain Thomas considered he was about 23 miles off land. He arrived at that estimate by two logs, one patent, and the other the old fashioned log. It was hazy and this increased to thick fog. At 2 o'clock the boatswain reported "land." The second officer tried to stay the vessel but the wind was too light. He hove the lead and found five fathoms under the ship's stern, and a shingle and sand bottom. There was a bit of a swell beginning then, which set the ship in. They were already getting the anchor ready to let go when she grounded forward. He was afraid to let the anchor go then, for fear it might go through her bottom. He commenced to get out the boats and ran a stream anchor out astern, took it to the capstan, and tried to heave her off. We commenced to jettison the powder (about 12 tons) and he went ashore and telegraphed to Lyttelton for assistance. At 12 o'clock the Titan, tug, came. About 12 noon Mrs Thomas, wife of the captain was landed safely. He asked Captain Webster to run a hawser and anchor out for him, but the latter said he could not do as he had no coals, and would have to go back to Timaru for them. In the meantime they were jettisoning cargo and landing some in their boats.  In the afternoon the Titan came back about 4 or 5 p.m. It was high water at 5 p.m. On Friday morning the tug Lyttelton arrived from Lyttelton. She made fast and commenced to tow her about 30 or 40 feet off the beach when the tow rope parted. In the meantime the s.s. Herald arrived. Had the Titan returned when she promised the barque would have been got off easily. The Titan arrived with three surface boats but when they wanted the Titan's rope it was found to be broken and partially disabled. The ship finally coming off the beach about 7 p.m. and they proceeded in tow of the tug Lyttelton to Lyttelton. He slipped the bower anchor. They all agreed in the opinion that Captain J. Thomas had not been negligent. At the Harbor Board meeting today 20 bonus was voted to the captain and 30 to the crew of the tug Lyttelton on recognition of special services rendered by them in connection with towing the Hudson off the beach.  [The Hudson is an iron barque, of 794 tons net register, and was built in 1869 by M. Pearse & Co., at Stockton. She is now owned by the Shaw, Savill & Albion Company. Her length is 194ft, width 30 feet, and depth 19 feet]

Dec. 4 Timaru Herald. The p.s. Titan steamed for Port Chalmers early yesterday afternoon to go into dock for her periodical overhaul.

Timaru Herald, 27 November 1885, Page 3
Early yesterday morning a large barque was observed to be very near the beach some twelve miles to the north of Timaru. On Wednesday evening she made the Timaru town lights, but could not see the light from the light house. At 10 p.m. he stood out to sea, and about midnight tacked towards the shore again. After a while she was again headed seaward. The wind then fell calm, and a dense fog set in. Sounding, were taken, and every effort was made to keep her off the land, but the swell and the current gradually forced her nearer the Ninety Mile Beach, which she struck about 3 o'clock in the morning. Two boats were, at once lowered, but as the sea was so calm nothing was done till later on  in the morning when the captain went on shore. After walking some distance he was picked up by a little daughter of Mr Woodhead's and driven to Temuka, from when he communicated with his agents. About noon Mrs Thomas, the wife of the master was landed, and shortly after 2 p.m. the crew began to jettison the cargo, throwing overboard a quantity of gunpowder, cases of spirits, etc., the greater part, of which was soon, picked up and stacked on the beach. The Rocket Brigade, in the meantime, ran a line on shore, and to the other side of the lagoon, to assist in getting the cargo on shore. Captain Edwin J. Thomas told us he intended to send all his crew-ashore for the night. The Titan went down again about 7 p.m., and the Hudson was then all right. The Rocket Brigade returned to town shortly after 8 p.m., after a long and wearisome journey. The Hudson is apparently lying on a soft bottom, and should bad weather not set in there is a probability of her being towed off this morning in by the tugs Lyttelton, Herald and Titan which will be on the scene at an early hour. Her cargo consists of about 1600 tons of general merchandise, including a quantity of plant for the Timaru Woollen Factory Company, Limited. To the actual cause of the Hudson coming to grief, it would not be fair for us to express an opinion at present, but the captain puts it down to a heavy current and the dense fog, the set of the former of which is not properly, understood. We understand Captain Thomas has an interest in the vessel, and has sailed her for six years. The Hudson is an iron barque of 737 tons register, Aal at Lloyd. Her length is 194 ft, beam 30ft, and depth of hold 19ft. She was built at Stockton by Messrs M. Pearse and Co. in 1869. She belongs to the Shaw, Saville and Albion Company's fleet, and left London on August 15th, consigned to Mr John Inglis. There are also a locomotive consigned to the Government and a quantity of powder. The Hudson was sighted on Wednesday sight, off Timaru by the steamers Pelham and Ohau, bound for Lyttelton.  The steamer Herald was also dispatched this evening with men to discharge the cargo so as to lighten the vessel.

1890-08-02 - The S.S. Duke of Sutherland - 1882 Duke of Sutherland Sank on 2nd May while at anchor in Timaru roadstead. Wrecked. https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/id/110284/rec/48 

The Duke of Sutherland, which is the latest addition to the fleet of the New Zealand Shipping Company engaged in the carriage of frozen meat to Europe, arrived in the port of Auckland on July 9th, under the command of Captain Bell, having left London on the 3rd of April with a cargo of steel railing for Cape Town. Though a recent acquisition, she is not a new vessel, having been built now some seventeen years by Duncan and Co., at Port Glasgow, for the service of the Eastern Steamship Company. She is a fourmasted vessel, fore and aft rigged on main, mizzen, and jigger-mast, with top-sail yards on the fore. Her dimension are 300 ft. x 38 x 28i in depth ; her horse-power 400, and her tonnage 2,031 net or 3,116 gross. After staying a day in Auckland and partially loading, she proceeded to Napier and the Southern ports to complete her cargo. Then at Napier a large accession to this will be made from the station of Messrs Nelson Bros, in Hawke’s Bay (see illustration on page 3), whose depot for frozen meat at Cannon-street Railway Bridge, is one of the notable features on these lines in London. The process followed there is in this wise. The carcases, after the animals have been killed and dressed, are hooked to friction pulleys travelling overhead, and are run into the cooling room, the skins, fat, etc., being removed in a tramway elsewhere. The cooling-room is constructed with a double ceiling, through which a current of air is drawn by a fan driven by a donkey-engine. After hanging here for ten hours, so as gradually to remove all the animal heat, the carcasses are passed into the refrigerating chambers, which are fitted with sliding air-tight doors. These chambers hold from 200 to 400 carcasses, and the sheep remain in them for thirtysix hours. They are then removed into the storing-rooms, and each being sewn in a cotton bag, and duly labelled are now reaily for shipment, as thown in illustiation on page 3. The refrigerating and storage chambers have the walls, floors, and ceilings insulated with a charcoal lining, and the cold air is supplied through an inlet air trunk diiect fiom the engine, and afterwards passes back to be cooled down and used over again. By this means there is a constant circulation of cold air. • One thousand sheep can lie prepared per day, and there is storage accomodation for 26,000 carcasses. The storage chambers open directly on to the railway siding (having air-tight doors at each end), where the frozen carcasses are put into specially-constructed trucks, which convey the meat to the port of shipment. There it is consigned to the steamers and sailing-ships which convey the meat to England, and which are fitted with similar machinery and chambers.

https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/new-zealand-graphic/1890/08/02

The Star May 3 1882
Loss of a Grain Ship 'Duke of 'Sutherland' in Timaru Harbour

"A few minutes before seven o'clock Captain Rowlands' felt his vessel quiver very severely. A few minutes later she came down on the ground with a crash."

A good deal of excitement was caused in Timaru to-night by the barque Duke of Sutherland making distress signals in the roadstead. Shortly after seven o'clock a gun was fired on board, and, after waiting about half an hour, two rockets were fired from the vessel, and blue lights were burned on deck as signals of distress. It was at first imagined that the vessel must have parted her moorings, but as she still remained at her anchorage such an idea was abandoned. The Rocket Brigade answered the signals by firing a gun from the lighthouse, and an attempt was made to launch the lifeboat, but the order was countermanded, as the sea was comparatively smooth. The captain and his crew came ashore in the ship's boat about nine o'clock, and reported that the vessel had sprung a leak and was filling with water, there being then fully six feet of water in her hold. The vessel is grain laden, and she had nearly completed her loading, and was expected to sail for London to-morrow with a full cargo.

The Duke of Sutherland, a clipper, is a strongly built wooden vessel of 1047 tons register, built at Aberdeen in 1865, owned by Jacobs Brothers and Co., of London and was surveyed in 1877 and reclassed for eight years. Captain Rowland is her master. For many years past she had been running in the Australian trade. The captain says the vessel was labouring in the trough of a heavy sea, and she bumped on the bottom. She is said to be drawing 20 feet of water, with about eight to ten feet of water under, the depth at low tide being about 30 feet. The statement about bumping could not be credited on shore, as the vessel is anchored out about 400 yards from the extreme seaward point of the breakwater, and there are several large vessels anchored close to her. There is a heavy ground swell in the roadstead, but the sea is not rough, as instanced by the fact that several whaleboats have been rowed out to the vessel during the evening. It is far more likely that, being an old wooden vessel and heavily laden, she sprang some timbers by labouring in the trough of the sea. The captain, accompanied by the Harbour Master, has now returned to the ship, and it is said that she is a hopeless wreck, and likely to go down at her anchors before mooring, but until the Harbour Master comes on shore no real authentic information can be gained. The sailors have taken their traps ashore, and say the vessel is doomed.

Later.
The vessel is a hopeless wreck. She has not altogether sunk, being built of wood, and an attempt is now being made to drift her to the northward out of the way of the other vessel, but it is doubtful whether it will be successful. She has about 1000 tons of grain in her, 10, 550 sacks of wheat, shipped by the New Zealand Grain Agency and Mercantile Company. The vessel and cargo are fully insured by Adelaide offices.

The Star May 4 1882
May 3. Captain Rowland's and the Harbour Master proceeded on board again about eleven o'clock last night, and succeeded, with a number of men, in keeping her afloat till four o'clock this morning, when she was hauled clear of the other vessels, and the cable slipped, and she was carried down towards Caroline Bay, where she broke up this afternoon. A court of Inquiry will be held tomorrow afternoon.

The barque, Duke of Sutherland, was allowed to drift a few hundred yards to the north, and about noon to-day she canted over on her side, and all her deck fittings where washed away. She disappeared altogether tonight. The hull and cargo are advertised for sale tomorrow, but it strikes me the auctioneer will have to work largely on his imagination in deciding where the vessel actually is.

WRECK OF THE BRIG CRAIGELLACHIE.

Last Saturday morning about 7 o'clock the brig Craig Ellachie came ashore on the rocky beach, a short distance to the north of the Government Lauding Service, and there appears to be no possibility of saving her I from becoming a total wreck. She was riding m Bafety at anchor m the roadstead, until about 5.15 o'clock that morning, when she paited one of her cables, und commenced to drift towards the shore. As quick as possible the second anchor was dropped, and that held her for about three-quarters of an hour ; but the chain eventually parted, and she was consequently rendered quite helpless, and her journey towards the shore was rapid. Cuptaiu Hills, very fortunately, noticed the first cable parling, and seeing the danger m which the vessel stood, about 5.45 ho fired the signal gun, and m a few minutes after the Rocket Brigade assembled with commendable promptitude, together with a large number of people who were aroused by the report of the gun. The vessel touched the shore about 7.10, and a rocket having been fired, communication tvug immediately effected with her, and all the crew were safely landed. The vessel was then made fast to the shore and abandoned, and. she now lies high, and dry on the beach. The Craig Ji'llachie was a wooden vessel of 226 tons register, and at the time of her disaster was under the command of Captain Meredith. Sho was built m Sundcrland m 1862, and was therefore about 15 years old. About two years ago she was purchased by Messrs E. and J. Smilhjjcoal merchants, of.tb.i9 town, for whom she has been trading, principally to Newcastle, since. Sho was a very good sailer, having made her last passage from Newcastle m 13 dnys, and had also great carrying capacity, from 360 to 380 tons of coal being her usual cargo. Much sympathy is felt for Messrs Smith, as, though she is insured to some extent, they lose considerably by her. She was insured for £1000 m tho New Zealand Insurance Company, and for £300 m the Union. Her cargo was also insured for £300 m the Victorian Insurance Company's office, but only about 100 tons of cool remain now on board. The same afternoon's tide brought her broadside on to the shore, and many thought her position was improved and hopes that she might yet be saved were entertained. Yesterday, however, it was discovered that almost all her keel was smashed, while m several parts of her bottom she was letting water m and out freely. There is not now the slightest possibility of saving her, but as she is lying on a snndy bed, it is probable she will not break up for some time. On Saturday afternoon, by the last train, Captain Dunsford arrived from Christchurch, and he, with. Captain Cain, took possession of her on behalf of the underwriters, and it is probably that she will be offered for sale either to-day or next Thursday. An investigation into the cause of the disaster will be held m [tko Custom-house at 11 o'clock thiß morning. THE SCHOONEE KATE MACGBEGOE. This vessel also experienced tho full force of the fierce sea which was rolling m on; Saturday, and so far aB we can learn she had a narrow escape from meeting the same fate as the Craig Ellacbie. On Saturday night, about 9.30 o'clock, after baring stood bravely through it all day, one of her cables parted, and the signal of distress was at once hoisted. Captain Mills, the Harbormaster, was on the alert as usual, and noticing thp signal, about 10 o'clock fired the signal gun, and m a few minutes after the Volunteer Rocket Brigade were again at his side, ready for action. No immediate danger, however, being observable, two or three men were appointed to keep a look-out during the night, and the Brigade separated, and we are glad to state their services have not been called into requisition since. Yesterday & cask came ashore addressed to Captain Morgan, the master of the Kate Macgregor — who had come'ashore previous to the rising of the storm and was not able to return — which on being opened was found to contain a letter from hiß mate, stating that as one of her anchors had gone he would take the vesiel to sea m the event of her losing the other, or, failing that, he wished that a light should be placed on the safest part of the beach, so that he might try and save her from being injured. "These laudable precautions, however, proved unnecessary, as towards midnight on Saturday the weather moderated, and yesterday the sea waa tolerably calm, and now there appears no immediate danger of a recurrence of the »torm. The Annie £owe was the only other vei*el m port, but she rode out the storm m splendid style, and does not seem to hare. KBYed an inch daring the whole time. - https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/THD18771224.2.14

1887

Timaru Herald, 17 March 1887, Page 3
Isaac James Bradley and George Sunnaway, two watermen engaged in connection with the towing of the Lyttelton, were examined, and said they never saw a vessel towed out in the same direction as the Lyttelton. She was heading seaward, and going ahead when the anchor was let go.

1896

Evening Post, 12 June 1896, Page 6
Timaru, 12th June The ss Herald touched on the Patiti Point Beef early this morning, but sustained no damage.

1899

Evening Post, 6 May 1899, Page 5
Timaru. This Day. The barque John Gambles, 1066 tons, with coal and ballast, from Brisbane., when approaching Timaru this morning in a thick fog, got among the reefs inside Patiti Point, a mile south of the harbour, and struck. A tug and boats have gone to her assistance. The fog is still (at noon) thick, and the vessel cannot be seen from the shore.

Evening Post, 8 May 1899, Page 5
Timaru, 6th May. The latest news concerning the barque John Gambles, which went ashore at Patiti Point when coming from Brisbane to Timaru with coal and ballast, but was floated off within a few hours, is that the vessel bumped three times. She will not come into the Timaru harbour, but will go on to Lyttelton to be docked. The vessel is making no water. Captain Wilkie is in command.

1900

Timaru Herald Monday 1st October 1900
Loss of the Glencairn
Christchurch Sept. 29
The constable at Little River telegraphs this morning that a schooner was ashore at Ninety Mile beach, nine miles from Little River. There are six men on board. A trap has left Birdlings' Flat with help.

Christchurch Sept. 30
A fierce southerly gale with heavy rain set in on Friday night. The wind still continues.
At 2 a.m. on Saturday the schooner Glencairn, bound from Havelock to Timaru with timber, went ashore on the Ninety Mile beach, 16 miles from Little River. All hands got ashore, but with difficulty. The vessel, which was of 60 tons and owned by Mr John Jackson, Timaru, was broken up and the beach strewn with wreckage. Captain Watchlin is staying in the vicinity of the wreck and the crew were taken in by Messrs Price Brothers. Mr Jackson informs us that he had no insurance on vessel or cargo. The loss to him is a serious one.

Christchurch Oct 1. (TH Oct. 2nd)
The schooner Glencairn was valued at 750. Her cargo was valued at 160. The after part of the vessel is gone. but there is a large quantity of timber still in the forepart, which is lying at high water mark. The greater part of the wreck is drifting towards the Peninsula, but a large quantity is on the beach near Lake Forsyth.

Timaru Herald  9 October 1900 page 3
At the Nautical Inquiry into the wreck of the schooner Glencairn. Captain Watchlin was charged with having failed to carry the number of certified seaman required by the Shipping and Seamens Act. He had been unable to obtain an A.B. in Wanganui, and so had shipped two boys instead. Fined 1 pound. and Court costs. He had lost everything he had on board the vessel, and had not even a pair of boots. The Magistrate then reduced the fine to 1s without costs. 
    Oct. 11 1900 TH  This week "Weekly Press" has a couple of photographs of the wreck of the Glencairn - the last we shall see, probably, of the unlucky Timaru schooner.

1901

Otago Witness, 13 February 1901, Page 58
THE LIGHTHOUSES OF NEW ZEALAND By Fabian Bell
The coast line from Banks Peninsula to Timaru our next light is low, and cannot be seen in thick weather or at night until close in upon the breakers, but southward of the town the cliffs rise again to the eight of 30ft to 50ft. Timaru itself lies on the seashore, and back of it rises the long line of mountains which forms the backbone of our island. Burkes Pass presents a very conspicuous feature in fine weather, and can be distinctly seen. Timaru is approached from the open sea, and the light here is a harbour light and not a coastal light. The lighthouse was built by the Government in 1877 (John Blackett, engineer), and handed over to the Harbour Board, who have maintained it ever since. It is lit and attended to by the night watchman. The light is furnished by three incandescent Welsbach burners, lit with gas, and is visible at a distance of about 14 miles. The chief danger of the Timaru Harbour is found in the Patiti Reef, which extends about two-thirds of a mile from Patiti Point, and is fronted by sand and shoal patches, with outlying reefs of rock and kelp. The lighthouse and flagstaff are on a cliff towards the north end of the town, and thus mark the S.W. extremity of the Ninety-mile Beach. The tower is 30ft high, built of wood, and painted white.

1919 

The Argus Tuesday 15 April 1919 Page 7
Messrs Booth and Company, of Christchurch, have been advised that the wooden barque Albert, which left Timaru on January 24, laden with tallow and leather, has been wrecked on the Californian coast. The vessel is reported to be a total loss. The cargo, valued at about 35,000 pounds, was insured with American underwriters.

In 2016 the South Canterbury Coastguard was established in 1994 with the motto "the charity saving lives at sea" had 12 volunteers and cover from the Rangitata River to the Waitaki River and 12 miles (22km) out to sea. More people are wearing life jackets, are more safety conscious and have modern technology - GPS systems, cell phone and Epirbs.

Mobile Unit - NZ oral history, 1946-1948: RNZ Collection Haylock, Arthur Lagden, 1860-1948, Interviewee New Zealand Broadcasting Service. Mobile Recording Unit

An interview with New Zealand shipwreck historian Arthur Lagden Haylock who discusses wrecks around the New Zealand coastline. Mr Haylock, who was born in Akaroa, Banks Peninsula in 1860, is interviewed in Wellington, where he has lived since 1892. He talks about his interest in ship wrecks and his rescue work with the Rocket Brigade at Timaru (where he lived from about 1877).

Arthur and the interviewer discuss a map of New Zealand showing the location of various shipwrecks.

Arthur remarks that the ‘Orpheus’ wreck was one of the most celebrated in New Zealand and Waitara was very busy with ships. The Whanganui coast was dangerous and there were many wrecks. There were four wrecks in Wellington and twenty in Palliser Bay.

His interest in wrecks began with the ‘Melrose’ he describes how she became wrecked and the consequent loss of life. Arthur first got involved in wrecks when he lived in Timaru as they were fairly common due to the wind. He describes the thrill of the wreck as she strikes the beach.

The ‘Akbar’ was wrecked in 1879, after the ‘Melrose’, ‘Fanny’, ‘Glimpse’ and ‘Lapwing’ shipwrecks in 1878. Arthur explains how he joined the Timaru Rocket Brigade when the ‘Akbar’ was wrecked when Captain Alexander Mills was the harbourmaster. The Timaru Rocket Brigade’s headquarters were in a tower on the site of the old lighthouse in Timaru, where they were asked to keep watch in bad weather. The night the ‘Akbar’ was wrecked the ship couldn’t signal with a rocket or flare as they had got wet, which he feels was negligence from the captain as he didn’t keep them in a watertight box. It wasn’t until the morning that the ship was spotted on the rocks and five lives were lost including the captain and his wife.

Arthur describes that they used an 'express', which was a wagonette with two horses, to carry everything to and from the wreck, sometimes up to three miles by road and across paddocks

Arthur and the crew of the Timaru Rocket Brigade witnessed the ‘Craig Ellachie’ come ashore at 7am, after she dragged her anchor and parted her cable. He watched as Captain Meredith’s wife, the crew and then Captain Meredith came ashore.

The ‘Melrose’ was the most exciting wreck Arthur and the Timaru Rocket Brigade attended to, as it was very dangerous for the ship’s crew to hang on to the wreck and come ashore. He describes the scene as he watched from the beach when Judge Ward helped rescue the captain from drowning. He survived and was sent to hospital by Doctor McIntyre.

Arthur describes how on 22nd November 1879 the ‘John Watson’ struck the reef at Patiti Point and how the schooner ‘Saxon’ and the harbour master Captain Alexander Mills responded.

Arthur also recounts how the ‘City of Cashmere’ was wrecked on January 14th 1882 five miles north of Timaru and the Dashing Rocks. How he took a boat from the Timaru Boating Club so he could sketch the vessel in a watercolour and got into trouble at sea.

On a beautiful sunny day on the 14th May 1882, the sea ‘was in a furious state’. Whilst standing on the shore Arthur witnessed three boats capsized which were trying to reach two ships ‘City of Perth’ and the ‘Ben Venue’ that were anchored. At the inquiry the captain stated he had never seen such high waves created by the ocean currents crossing each other, not caused by the wind. The cross currents had caused the stern to slew right round. At the inquiry, the Harbour Board authorities said happened frequently in Timaru.

The ‘City of Perth’ came ashore under the Ben Venue cliffs and avoided being wrecked due to having two anchors down and ropes out. She was hauled off and taken to Port Chalmers for repairs and reconditioned to sail again. He recounts how the ‘City of Perth’ crossed the bow of the steamer ‘Ruapehu’ at 16 knots an hour and handed them a rope to tow them. Much to the excitement of those aboard the steamer, as this was a thing you would see ‘in the old shipping times’.

Mr Haylock came to Wellington in 1892 and has had 70 years of interest in ship wrecks, having kept a diary of wrecks since he was 13 years old.

In 1864 the Marine Department began publishing information on wrecks which Arthur uses for his research, earlier than that he uses books on New Zealand.

Arthur talks about the wreck of the ‘White Swan’ off Ariki Point when it raced with the ‘Storm Bird’ travelling from Auckland to Wellington, but came ashore by cutting the coast short, 36 miles from Masterton on the coast.

Arthur comments there has been between 1500-1700 wrecks around New Zealand, with the 'Endeavor' in Dusky Sound in 1769, being the earliest. Arthur collects information from the Marine Department, daily papers and books, which he then marks on the map and keeps a card system which lists the name of the vessel, the captain and the tonnage. Also collecting information from the Mission Library in Sydney and his friend George Cook. Also Mr Harris in Dunedin and he’s travelled to many places, including the British Museum and Hobart to uncover information on wrecks.

For 60 years Arthur investigated the ‘Wainui’ which was built for Mr Latter, whose sons Arthur played with. The ‘Wainui’ left New Zealand in 1874 and Arthur found out from the papers in 1879 she had been ‘lost in the islands’. Arthur contacted Miss Ida Leeson at the Mission library who advised Arthur to contact the Governor of New Caledonia. He made contact with the captain of the ‘Wainui’ who answered his questions after 60 years of investigating. Captain Champion was the last captain on the ‘Wainui’, he was employed by the Union Company in Lyttleton and captained Bishop Selwyn’s boat the ‘Undine’. The Chief Engineer of the 'Wahine', Ernest Low confirmed this to Arthur.

Sir George Shirtcliffe and Arthur Turnbull, now head of the shipping firm in Christchurch under the same name, were both members of the Timaru Rocket Brigade.

The shipping disasters and loss of life at Timaru, which occurred on Sunday 14th May, 1882.. Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 21/05/2023, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/239

Conservation officer Mr Ashley Gualter at the city’s memorial for the wrecks of the Benvenue and the City of Perth.

Timaru streets are the sites of many famous wrecks Few people would think, walking into the Caroline Bay Hall, that in May 1869 a 183-tonne barque called the Susan Jane was wrecked there. Local conservation officer Mr Ashley Gualter recently compared records of where many vessels went down at Timaru to where land had been reclaimed. He plotted from information he had obtained from the South Can- terbury museum where each vessel originally sank or was grounded — although many of the wrecks broke up and were scattered. Between 1866 and 1886 what are now the Port of Timaru’s roadways had the unenviable record of having 28 wrecks or strandings.
Passing the South Canterbury Roller Skating Rink on the Port Loop Road, you are crossing over the site of the wreck of the Layard. On 8 June 1870 the 179-tonne brig ran aground there and was wrecked, while discharging its cargo of 257 tonnes of coal. Continuing along the Port Loop Road you cross the bows of where the 214 brig Fairy Queen ran aground in August 1873; the Wan- derer, a 32-tonne ketch which grounded on the same day; and the 237-tonne barque Isabella Ridley. The Isabella Ridley was dragged to the rocks by a strong surf on 19 April 1877.
The Rocket, Brigade had already assembled, and when the vessel beached a rocket was fired through its foresail, setting it alight. By Lindsay Mutch Staff Reporter Its crew of 10 landed safely, but during the night the chief officer and a seaman made an attempt to reach the wreck and save personal effects, but one of them drowned. The other was saved by the po- lice and later discharged with a caution. After passing the site where the Duke of Edinburgh was originally grounded with the Wanderer and the Fairy Queen but later refloated, you can move on to Hayes Street. On Hayes Street you pass over the site where the Prince Consort, a 36-tonne schooner was wrecked on 20 December 1866; and the 272- tonne brig Princess Alice ran ashore on 9 May 1875. Where the corner of Hayes Street. and Hayman Street is situated, the Cyrene was wrecked on the same day as the Princess Alice. The barque of 538 tonnes had been taking on water and ran itself aground about two hours after the Princess Alice.
Further down Haye Street is the site where the Lady of the Lake was grounded in 1873, but later refloated. Numerous other vessels were wrecked around Timaru — apart from the infamous tragedy of the City of Perth and the Benvenue on 14 May 1882. In 1886 the Lyttelton, an iron- hulled ship of 1111 tonnes, was be- ing towed out of the port by the steamer Grafton. However the tow line became entangled in the ship’s propeller and an anchor was dropped. When the tow resumed the ship holed its bottom with the anchor, and sank. It was the last vessel to sink at the port in the 20-year period. Since those years, between 1866 and 1886, the port’s record has im- proved considerably. Although the Elginshire ran aground at Norman- dy, south of Timaru, in 1892.
And in 1958 the Kaitoke ran aground, to be refloated later.
In 1959 the Holmglen sank about 35km east of Timaru, and on 12 November 1964 the 4670-tonne Treneglos was stranded on a reef off Jack’s Point. For four days the liner remained fast on the reef, until about 5000 bales of wool and several hundred tonnes of general cargo had been unloaded for transfer back to the port in boats — or jettisoned into the sea. When lifted, the vessel made its way to port for temporary répairs before being towed to Wellington. Mr Gualter said the study was one small historical aspect in the investigation of the department’s proposed marine reserve for the area.

D E Drake, Three Bradley brothers in 1882 wreck rescues (12 May 1982). Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 05/07/2023, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/3660

Three Bradley brothers in 1882 wreck rescues D. EK. Drake It is not surprising that the dramatic events involving the wrecked Benvenue and the City of Perth in Caroline Bay on May 14, 1882, have been a talking point in the Bradley household over the years. On that fateful day annual reunion of sur- the cliffs alongside the perience of a shipwreck when nine gallant men lost. vivors. Benvenue. If I had known Was in 1873. When he was their lives in the port’s The reunions were dis- of the set as I do now, I only 18 years old, the little worst achipping uisebier, contin eda iS ouenl would never have left the pieamers ie eaeys e Hae Bradley brothers — abou 920 when ere ship.” 4ake, Was wrecked at the saac, Philip and Dan — were only eight or nine On-the journey back to Old landing service. at the ere solved in the Sever. Paes ee aa the shore, the Bradley life- Potton Cle eoree aoe al rescue attempts: which n May 14, 2, Isaac boat capsized. Isaac and n » When he was eo asblacs: oe peliand aspilp aradley were Philip were both rescued, OHNE a the one pilot rother-in-ld seorge among the first volunteers one of them by their Service, he schooner Sunaway, was also there. to crew a lifeboat which brother, Dan, who was a Amaranth got into dif- went out to the stricken member of the crew of the ficulties, and he had to row iT City of Perth, and Isaac, Alexandra, the port’s life- out to the ship, pick up the 5 then only 22 years of age, boat. master, and tow him back was the first man to go on For years afterwards, to shore. The Amaranth board the vessel. Later, he Isaac had plenty of op- later went ashore on Nine- said he was_ sent forward portunity to discuss the ty Mile Beach. by Captain McDonald events of 1882, He was for In 1882, there was the {master of the City of a long time. until his re- loss of the City of Wilfred, Florence, and Perth) to see if the bow an- irement in 1934, the Union Cashmere (January), the Rita (Mrs Pragnell), who chor had been carried Company’s marine super- Duke of Sutherland (May ailivesncbimnacn: away. intendent at the Port of 2) which was wrecked in cineronl vecurvivincarel’ In an interview with a Timaru, and often used to Caroline Bay in spite of ye oe youn iving Tela- vimaru Herald reporter in entertain the masters of nt attempts to save tive of Philip is his grand- Ldeldlaetint ie anna reaper ka her, and, of th son, Mr P. J. A. Bradley, !932, Isaac said it was then Visiting ships in his home. Ben SHC paecOUuse =the PISO OMTIMATUG: “" that a fatal mistake was | But the Rev. Ww. J. Benvenue and City of A vivid reminder of the Made. Brad eons, ise “Thi ee ees ory father dis i Bi ings or 2 scene in Caroline Bay 100 “Most of us thought the aes coun e. sipeln “Black” Sunday” Be May years ago is a fine oil pain- vessel was going ashore on “He used 14, 1882 — but Mr Bradle} ting in the home of Mr A. I Dashing Rocks,” he said. e later considered that his Biciia at 137 eon the a ip, ve pou time went on, but we were Worst personal experience The Saran of CoM ne ieee a ing over really just water rats’,” was with the wreck of the C..M. th , and it did not look Mr Bradley recalled. Elginshire, just south of Jones, once eescribed fas like an inviting place to go Isaac Bradley probably Timaru, in May, 1892. On an engineer aboard the . . . and we took to the had every reason to de- that occasion, he spent 24 be dranimg i chvsfe Sap” gina See, el a a ater Nurs nasal bat nie a z s at, for vas j 2 open sea. Benvenue close in to the shore, she got into a south- Sales eves: eS "'Tsaac Bradley died in Benvenue Cliffs and rolling erly set. and drifted into sailors. His first ex- 1936. He was 76. Isaac, who was almost legendary on the Tir waterfront through his 55 years’ service there, most of it with the old Union Steam Ship Company. is today survived by four of his large family — Arthur, to say ‘we were called heroes as the and the City of Perth . drifting stern-on to the cliffs. Amid the heavy, rolling seas are the life. boats which set out to try to rescue the City of Perth. According to notes pub- lished in The Timaru Her- ald 50 years ago, the paint- ing had been described as “most realistic’’. Mr Arthur Bradley, now 83, said he did not know how the painting came to be in the possession of his family, but ‘‘it was in our old home‘for as long as I can remember”’. And, perhaps, it was ap- propriate for the painting to be in the Isaac Bradley home for not only did he and his two brothers figure prominently in the rescues, but for a number of years afterward his Messrs Arthur (left) and Wilfred Bradley with the C. M. Jones oil painting of ships in trouble in home the venue for an Caroline Bay on May 14, 1882.

Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand
Personal records Correspondence & Reminiscences
Record Title : Haylock, Arthur Lagden, 1860-1948
Family history papers 1918-1957 MS-Papers-3562, 1 folder (12 items)
Arthur Lagden Haylock  was born in Akaroa in 1860. In 1877 he entered the Government Service as a cadet, and was posted to the Land Office at Timaru. His great interest in the sea and ships led him to join the `Timaru Rocket Brigade', a group of volunteers which watched over vessels anchored in the roadstead. He was transferred to Christchurch and then Wellington and after his retirement was active in the Anglican Church's Men's Society and also continued his interest in compiling records of early events, especially shipwrecks. He died in 1948.
Papers include several letters written to Haylock by various people, during the 1940s giving information on his forebears in Akaroa and Banks Peninsula. Also included is an obituary of S C Farr, dated 14 Jul 1918, an article written by Haylock on Captain James Bruce (d. 1858) , an autobiographical account of his time in Timaru entitled `Recollections of Timaru 1877-1882' which deals mainly with his activities in the `Rocket Brigade' and the shipwrecks of that era and a newspaper clipping dated 11 May 1957 which also deals with shipwrecks near Timaru. A biographical note written by Haylock's son or daughter gives some details of his life.
Dicken family, Haylock family , Farr family
Baker, Thomas Southey 1848-1902
Farr, Samuel Charles, 1827-1918

Haylock, Arthur Lagden 1860-1948
Timaru [1878?]
Reference Number : A-157-018
Physical Description : Pencil and watercolour 127 x 176 mm
View of township looking across water to foreshore with Southern Alps in background.
Other Notes : of other sketches of Timaru in Haylock's Sketchbook, 1878-9 (E-060b) in Drawings and Prints Collection.
Historical Notes : Probably drawn while artist worked in Timaru as a cadet in the Lands Office.
Restrictions : Partial restriction : Use photographic copies in preference to original
Digital Copy : Digital copy available

HAYLOCK, Arthur Lagden 1860-1948
Born Akaroa, son of Charles Lagden Haylock who arrived in New Zealand on the Monarch 1850. On 19 September 1868 George Frederick Wascoe married Sarah Haylock, widow of Charles Lagden Haylock. He was transferred to Christchurch and then Wellington. After his retirement he was active in the Anglican Church Men's Society and maintained his interest in compiling records of maritime events. He died in 1948. He was only child of Charles Lagden Haylock's second marriage. Arthur had 4 half brothers from a former marriage of C.L.; Peter, Charles, George and Harry. In 1877 Arthur entered the Government Service as a cadet, and was posted to the Land Office at Timaru, was a government draughtsman. His great interest in ships and the sea led him to join the Timaru Rocket Brigade, a group of volunteers which watched over vessels anchored in the roadstead, and made a hobby of recording wrecks. He was involved in the attempts to save the "City of Perth" and the "Ben Venue" in May 1882. His paintings and photographs of wrecks were presented to the Timaru Historical Society. Album compiled by Arthur Lagden Haylock, containing views of Lyttelton, Ganymede, and City of Perth and Benvenue stranded at Timaru in May 1882. .. The sail and steam ship Chile lying at anchor off Timaru, with a rowboat approaching her. Created by: Haylock, Arthur Lagden, 1860-1948 (as the artist) He signed his work A.L.H.

Date 1879 By Haylock, Arthur Lagden, 1860-1948 Reference E-060-2-010

Description A broadside view of a small steam and sailing ship

Quantity: 1 watercolour(s).

Physical Description: Watercolour, 118 x 175 mm

Access restrictionsPartly restricted - Please use surrogate in place of originalPart ofHaylock, Arthur Lagden 1860-1948 :Sketches by A. L. Haylock, 1878, 1879, 1883. / Haylock, Arthur Lagden 1860-1948 :Sketches by A. L. Haylock, 1878, 1879, 1883.Format1 watercolour(s), Works of art, Watercolours, Marines (Visual works), Watercolour, 118 x 175 mm
A broadside view of a small steam and sailing ship, the  Annie Bow, Timaru. 1879?
Haylock, Arthur Lagden 1860-1948 : Reference Number: E-060-2-010

The 'Annie Bow' was a barquentine of 250 tons, built at Garmouth, Scotland in 1869. In the 1880s it was owned by Alexander White of Timaru, and operated as a cargo ship between Timaru and Australia. It was later used as a coal hulk and sank alongside King's Pier, Hobart, on 22 March 1924. The vessel was subsequently blown up with explosives.

The Albion Shipping Company's Ships... Timaru. Built for P Henderson & Cos Line of London & New Zealand Packets

PAH8593 1874
Creator: Clark, William; Dutton, Thomas Goldsworthy
Vessels: Timaru 1874 [British]
Credit: National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London
Measurements: Sheet: 535 x 716 mm

The sailing ship "Timaru" was built in 1874 for the Albion Line. She weighed 1363 tons. She landed at Port Chalmers eleven times between 1875 and 1891. She was sold in 1900, and wrecked in 1907. See White Wings (Vol 1, p 122-123)

Datebetween 1875-1891Reference1/1-002448-GDescription

The sailing ship `Timaru' docked at Port Chalmers alongside the Shaw, Savill & Albion Co. Export Stores. Photograph taken by David Alexander De Maus between 1875 and 1891.

Inscriptions: Photographer's title on negative - bottom centre - "Timaru"; Photographer's title on negative - bottom left - 504

`Timaru' was built in 1874. She landed at Port Chalmers eleven times between 1875 and 1891. She was wrecked in 1907. (Information from `White Wings' by Henry Brett, 1924, Vol 1, pages 122-3)

Quantity: 1 b&w original negative(s).

Physical Description: Dry plate glass negative 6.5 x 8.5 inches

Access restrictionsPartly restricted - Please use surrogate in place of originalPart ofDe Maus, David Alexander, 1847-1925 :Shipping negativesFormat1 b&w original negative(s), Negatives, Marines (Visual works), Dry plate glass negative 6.5 x 8.5 inches, Orientation: Horizontal image

Date1875-1899Reference1/1-002447-GDescription

Crew of the "Timaru" standing at her bow, her figurehead in view, while docked at the Port Chalmers graving dock. Taken by David Alexander De Maus between 1875 and 1899.

The "Timaru" was built in 1874 for the Albion Line and weighed 1363 tons. She was sold by the company in 1900, and wrecked in 1907.

Quantity: 1 b&w original negative(s).

Physical Description: Wet collodion glass negative 6.5 x 8.5 inches

Access restrictionsPartly restricted - Please use surrogate in place of originalPart ofDe Maus, David Alexander, 1847-1925 :Shipping negativesFormat1 b&w original negative(s), Negatives, Marines (Visual works), Wet collodion glass negative 6.5 x 8.5 inches, Orientation: Horizontal image

Medals won at auction for a private collection in 2024. Copyright has been granted to reproduce this image. "Front: Capt A Mills, by the Timaru V. Fire Brigade For 5 Years Service dating from 1875. REVERSE: New Zealand Fire Brigade Long Service Medal. NZ United Fire Brigade's Association - engraved around the edge. Fireman with hose, "Auxilium in Periculo" engraved on the bottom." The brigade was an all-volunteer force. "Brigade discipline was much aided by the contemporary popularity of military style disciplinary codes. It was the age of the emergence of police forces, the Salvation Army, uniformed brass bands, Boys' Brigades and Boy Scouts. Esprit de corps was promoted by uniforms and parades. Military patterns of rank and drill were well suited to brigade purposes. But the brigades also valued their voluntary nature, their right to manage their own affairs and to elect their own officers. They were not conscripts or bought men, but free agents inspired by an altruistic concern for their communities. So while a successful brigade might look to the military for models of style, polish and precision, its real aim was to be an honoured fraternal association. Lacking the funds to give proper material support, councils and communities looked for other means of encouraging the spirit of altruism and fraternity that held their brigades together. Honour could be frugally shown through annual dinners, parades, speeches and medals. Proper equipment, quarters and salaries came much less cheaply." - https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-ArnNewZ-c16-4.html Learn more here: https://view.taurangaheritagecollection.co.nz/objects/4971/new-zealand-fire-brigade-medal

Captain Mills was the Harbour Master in Timaru and the captain of the Timaru Volunteer Rocket Brigade. He was also one of the founders of the Timaru Masonic Lodge. In 1882 the ships the City of Perth and the Benvenue were washed onto the rocks at the base of the cliffs at the north end of Caroline Bay. Captain Mills and his men attempted to unsuccessfully save The City of Perth. Captain Mills and eight others lost their lives in this event which became known as 'Black Sunday'. The inquest ruled that Captain Mills, who made it back to shore, died of shock (The Timaru Herald 16 May 1882).

Oil painting of Captain Mills c.1880s.
Image courtesy of the South Canterbury Museum, item P0071. Please contact the museum for more information.

Date of Birth 3 Oct 1933, Scotland. Date of Death 14 May 1882, Timaru.

Captain Alexander Mills, Harbor Master at Timaru for 14 years, died at his post. Born in Arbroath, Forfarshire, Scotland, on October 3rd, 1833, he went to sea very young and served a six-year apprenticeship with Mr. Hansell, North Shields. He managed a volunteer life-saving lifeboat and rocket brigade and proposed anchoring ships further out to sea due to sudden sea turbulence, but the harbor board preferred ships moored closer for efficiency. He was fired, then rehired.

(Black Sunday) "caused the greatest emotional upset in the history of the town, and waves of sympathy far beyond the borders of South Canterbury. ... Five vessels were anchored in the roadstead — three out at the ballast ground, and these rode out the storm.Two others were at the inner anchorage, half a mile from shore, and were unable to carry out the harbourmaster’s advice to put to sea." - Timaru Herald "Inexperienced Volunteers Among Greatest Heroes"

Mills married in 1854 and served as first officer and master on various large vessels. He arrived in New Zealand as first officer on the steamship Claud Hamilton. He took charge of the stranded ship Flying Mist at Bluff and stayed as pilot for two years. He then joined s.s. Albion as first officer, later appointed by Captain Gibson to lead the Government Landing Service at Timaru. He was appointed Harbor Master at Timaru 14 years ago.

Mills was a founder of the first Masonic Lodge in Timaru and Worshipful Master of the Caledonian Lodge S.C. He was selected to take charge of the local Lodge in Timaru by the District Grand Lodge officers. As Captain of the Timaru Volunteer Rocket Brigade, he often risked his life with the lifeboat crew.

In 1882, the Benvenue ship wrecked into a cliff; lifeboats initially rescued everyone safely. "About 8.30 the 1000-ton ship Benvenue, which was ready to Jeave for Port Chalmers, slipped a cable and her cargo shifted. (By mid-day she was drifting ashore and her crew left for the City of Perth. The Benvenue was cast broad side on against the rock apron of what today is known as Benvenue Cliff and became a total wreck. Later, the City of Perth began to drift and four boats left her with the crews of both vessels. All four boats reached harbour safely. Then it was seen that the ship was swinging by a single hawser. It was this slender hope into the surf again and led to the tragedy of the day."

The City of Perth lost anchor and collided with Benvenue, leading to a desperate but disastrous rescue effort. Forty men struggled in the water; the Alexandra lifeboat, unused for a decade, was the only rescue option. This mammoth rescue effort resulted in 9 deaths. Mills made it to shore but died from exposure hours later. The incident was heavily reported, and the harbor board blamed Mills and fired him posthumously. His death resulted from greed and port politics, and his family faced immense hardship.

"A few rusty plates at the foot of Benvenue Cliff and a bell in the museum are all that remain of the wreck of the Benvenue. Yet on that Black Sunday, May 14, 1882, when the Benvenue and the City of Perth were- wrecked at Timaru men, regardless of the danger to their own lives, took desperate risks to save their fellows. On that day there was written into the pages of Timaru and New Zealand history one of the greatest epics of human courage the world has known." TH A Black Sunday for Timaru: Two Ships Wrecked And Ten Lives Lost

It was reported in 1954 that the bones of the Benevenue were still visable at low water 70 years on from the disaster. Today they are buried below the sand under the watchfull eye of the relocated Blacket Lighthouse.

The large painting (about four feet in length) of the wreck of 'City of Perth' and 'Ben Venue' at Timaru hung for many years in the Farmers tearooms and now the painting is at the Port Company Offices, Timaru located along Marine Parade which is located near the distal end of the Port Loop Road a route to Caroline Bay and the harbour. The plate below the painting reads "Wreck of the Ben Venue and City of Perth on 14 May 1882, Presented to: The Port of Timaru Ltd. by Arthur Bradley. Last surviving son of Issac Bradley, A member of the rescue craft's crew." Photo by Roselyn Fauth with permission of PrimePort Timaru.

Mills was widely respected in Timaru and New Zealand. Many visited his house to pay their respects after his death. The community expressed heartfelt sympathy for his family. A letter of condolence from the Lodge of St. John, Timaru, emphasized his virtues and loss. Hon. Mr. Rolleston expressed grief and acknowledged Mills' dedication and duty.

Funeral arrangements included a public closure of businesses from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. The Rocket Brigade, Masonic Lodges, C Battery of Artillery, and Timaru Volunteer Fire Brigade planned to attend the funeral in full uniform.

THE LATE CAPTAIN ALEXANDER MILLS.TIMARU HERALD, VOLUME XXXVI, ISSUE 2386, 16 MAY 1882, PAGE 3

https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/THD18820516.2.22

The wrecks at Timaru, New Zealand: Lifeboats rescuing sailors in heavy surf, one life boat named City of Perth. . Wood engraving by Ashton, Julian Rossi, 1851-1942 slv.vic.gov.au/permalink/f/1cl35st/SLV_ROSETTAIE670476

A lifeboat crew rowing to rescue shipwrecked sailors. published 1893-02-11 The New Zealand Graphic and Ladies Journal, 11 February 1893, p.121 - New Zealand Graphic; Wright, Henry Charles Seppings, 1849-1937 -  Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZG-18930211-0121-01

Images are from the collections at Te Papa and Illustrated Australian News - Melbourne Vic -1876-1889 Saturday 10 June 1882

Timaru, "Ben Venue" stranded, stern c1882 https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/1346853

Captain Alexander James Mills (1833-1882) - Catalogue Number 2011/169.01 https://timdc.pastperfectonline.com/library/80C95C38-D80F-4A62-80C4-581962264094 

Port of Timaru Wreck-Free For 68 Years 
https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/3649 

Timaru Shipwrecks Recalled At Simple Memorial Service Yesterday, 75th Anniversary of Loss Of Two Sailing Vessels.
https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/3650

A Black Sunday for Timaru: Two Ships Wrecked And Ten Lives Lost 
https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/6313

Inexperienced Volunteers Among Greatest Heroes. The lifeboat Alexandra, which was considerably damaged, was repaired by W. Murley at his yard in Bank Street. She was put afloat for practice runs with a volunteer crew, but was never called upon for service again. She now reposes on one of the lawns at Caroline Bay.
https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/6314

The shipping disasters and loss of life at Timaru, which occurred on Sunday 14th May, 1882.  Booklet produced by the Timaru Herald covering the shipwrecks of the Benvenue and the City of Perth in 1882.
https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/239

The Seafarers monument. Monument dedicated to those involved in the rescue attempts when the ships the "Benvenue" and the "City of Perth" were shipwrecked in 1882.
Plaques list the names of those who perished in the rescue attempt and the names of those who survived.
https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/1506

https://tepuna.on.worldcat.org/search/detail/760297605?queryString=bn%3A9780473191672

Bravery medal, silver Gift of Mrs Olive Baker, 1969 https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/113138

On 14 May 1882, the ships City of Perth and Benvenue foundered in Caroline Bay, Timaru. They were victims of ocean swell and choppy sea.
The Freemasons of St Johns Lodge awarded 42 medals for gallantry during the rescue on 3 July 1882 (this was a private award for bravery).
James Henneker, to whom this particular medal was awarded, made two trips in a surf boat during the storm to rescue men on the ships. Several of his ribs were broken and he lay 'in a precarious state at the Royal Hotel' afterwards (South Canterbury Times, 15 May 1882, p. 2).
The medal depicts a lifeboat on a rough sea, with the masonic emblem the Eye of Providence above. It was donated to the museum by the recipient's daughter in 1969.
The medal was originally issued as a medallion (without a suspension bar or ribbon), so this version was converted to wear.
The ships The Benvenue was wrecked, but the City of Perth was salvaged and returned to the United Kingdom for repairs. It was renamed the Turakina in 1882 by the New Zealand Shipping Co. Ltd.

Learn more about the great fire of 1868 that changed Timaru and its CBD forever. https://www.wuhootimaru.co.nz/colouring-sheets/1868-timaru-fire

Here is the grave of Captain Alexander Mills, the Timaru Harbour-Master for 16 years, who witnessed most of Timarus shipwrecks. He died from exposure from the Ben Venue disaster. He rests in peace here, with his wife Margaret, three infant children and two teenage children. Mills, Alexander James, 1833-1882. Row 9, plot 9, Timaru Cemetery. Photo Roselyn Fauth

 

 

ALEXANDRA LIFEBOAT, 1865.TIMARU HERALD, VOLUME CXXV, ISSUE 18008, 13 JULY 1928, PAGE 9 (SUPPLEMENT)
Using This Item: Stuff Ltd is the copyright owner for the Timaru Herald. You can reproduce in-copyright material from this newspaper for non-commercial use under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 New Zealand licence. This newspaper is not available for commercial use without the consent of Stuff Ltd. For advice on reproduction of out-of-copyright material from this newspaper, please refer to the Copyright guide.

It was to the memory of these men, and to those who gladly encountered the peril of death, that the monument was erected.

Timaru Herald. 13 July 1928

Page 9 (Supplement).

https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/.../timar.../1928/07/13/25

 

 

GLIMPES OF CAROLINE BAY. (Inset) A. F. Gibson (22 vears in charge).

 

F Gibson Timaru 1904 1939 scratched into basalt rock which would have been part of the caretakers homes back garden. The house was removed and the garden was incorporated into the Bay Tearooms garden. - Photo Roselyn Fauth 2022. The steps behind the tea rooms are called the Gibston Steps in recognition of the Bays Caretaker.

Changing South: Timaru’s Caroline Bay – remembering a stormy history

The Alexandra lifeboat and its crew played an integral role in Timaru's maritime history, often facing challenging conditions and undergoing various changes in housing and maintenance to ensure its readiness for rescue operations. Named after Alexandra of Denmark, the wife of King Edward VII, the Timaru lifeboat is one of the oldest vessels of its type in the world. Imported from England by the Canterbury Provincial Council in 1864, it was built by Messrs Forrest of Limehouse under the direction of John Marshman, the emigration agent for Canterbury.

Significant events in the lifeboat's history include:

1866: The lifeboat successfully rescued three crew members from the wrecked schooner Prince Consort.
1869: The boat capsized during a rescue attempt, resulting in the death of crew member Duncan Cameron. Following this, the boat was not used until 1882.
1882: The lifeboat was reactivated during the wrecks of the City of Perth and the Benvenue. It capsized four times during the rescue attempts, when at one point 40 men were in the sea fighting for their lives. Nine people died, including Captain Alexander Mills, the Harbour Master who made it to shore, but died later from exposure.

Since its retirement in 1882, the Alexandra lifeboat has served as a memorial to its crew and those it rescued. In 1932, a memorial commemorating the 50th anniversary of "Black Sunday" was erected in Perth Street, and the lifeboat was placed on Caroline Bay. It was moved to the Landing Service Building and fully restored in 1997. Currently, it is out of public sight in storage.

The large painting (about four feet in length) of the wreck of 'City of Perth' and 'Ben Venue' at Timaru hung for many years in the Farmers tearooms and now the painting is at the Port Company Offices, Timaru located along Marine Parade which is located near the distal end of the Port Loop Road a route to Caroline Bay and the harbour. The plate below the painting reads "Wreck of the Ben Venue and City of Perth on 14 May 1882, Presented to: The Port of Timaru Ltd. by Arthur Bradley. Last surviving son of Issac Bradley, A member of the rescue craft's crew." Photo by Roselyn Fauth with permission of PrimePort Timaru.

A lifeboat crew rowing to rescue shipwrecked sailors. published 1893-02-11 The New Zealand Graphic and Ladies Journal, 11 February 1893, p.121 - New Zealand Graphic; Wright, Henry Charles Seppings, 1849-1937 -  Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZG-18930211-0121-01

The wrecks at Timaru, New Zealand: Lifeboats rescuing sailors in heavy surf, one lifeboat named City of Perth. Wood engraving by Ashton, Julian Rossi, 1851-1942.   slv.vic.gov.au/permalink/f/1cl35st/SLV_ROSETTAIE670476

Messrs Forrest of Limehouse life-boat building yard where Alexandra Timaru Lifeboat was built - The Illustrated London News Google Books - Page 478 

Alexandra Lifeboat and crew, Jubilee Parade, Timaru. Three Timaru Harbour Board floats, pictured at the wharf, prepared for the South Canterbury Jubilee Parade, Timaru, January 1909. Includes the Alexandra Lifeboat and crew, a float with a billboard displaying details of imports and exports at Timaru Harbour at the time and 50 years earlier. The final float has a large boulder on it with a sign which reads "[?] 23 Tons 5 CWT [?] in Mole 30th Oct 1908" - no doubt an indication of the harbour works undertaken at the harbour. Printed in bottom right corner "Protected 1.1909 W Ferrier" - Photo South Canterbury Museum 1546

The lifeboat Alexandra, manned by Waterside Workers for an unidentified parade, pictured on Sarah Street in Timaru, circa 1912. The lifeboat is shown harnessed to a team of Clydesdale horses and appears to be heading for or leaving a parade. Amongsat the flags flown are the American and Australian flags and the British ensign (among others), as well as a banner for "Timaru Waterside Workers". - South Canterbury Museum 1543

Royal National Life Boat Institution of Great Britain Plans for lifeboat

We have designed the playground surface (Numat Pour and Play) to look like a life boat, inspired by the Alexandra. People could pretend that when they are swinging on a double cyclpse that they are rocking over the breakers to act out a rescue with the life boat crew.

Invitation, 1901, New Zealand, by Benoni William Lytton White, A.D. Willis Ltd. Purchased 2001. Te Papa (GH009568)

Invitation, 1901, Dunedin, by Robert Hawcridge, J. Wilkie and Company. Purchased 2004. Te Papa (GH010302)

Band Rotunda, Alexandra Square, Timaru, circa 1905, Dunedin, by Muir & Moodie. Te Papa (C.014379)

Laid out by Samuel Hewlings as Market Place Alexandra Square has been a horse paddock, a market reserve, a site for travelling circuses, a place to play hockey or cricket and a place that needed beatifying. In 1904 Timaru's first band rotunda was built at Alexandra Square and twelve garden seats, at a cost of £600, a gift to the people of the city, by Mr Charles Bowker, who lived in College Rd, in a two storied house named "The Pines." This was the first civic gift of the kind to the city. Later open air meetings and band concerts were held here. Today there is a fountain and a playground and some old gnarly trees. Named after the wife of King Edward VII, Alexandra of Denmark.

Colour postcard entitled "Alexandra Square, Timaru", circa 1910. Features the band rotunda gifted by Charles Bowker in 1903 in the foreground, with the James Bruce & Co. (or Timaru Milling Co.) flour mill on High Street in the left background. 

The Alexandra lifeboat and its crew played an integral role in Timaru's maritime history, often facing challenging conditions and undergoing various changes in housing and maintenance to ensure its readiness for rescue operations. From its inception in the 1860s through the early 20th century, the Alexandra lifeboat was pivotal in maritime rescues and operations. Below is a chronological summary of significant events:

Timeline 

Some timeline items of the Alexandra Lifeboat and Its Operations were researched by Geoff Cloake. Timeline from about 80 Papers Past references giving a proper insight into the lifeboat and service. 

1870 January 1: Establishment of a lifeboat service
1872 July 19: lifeboat crew is on standby
1873 September 12: lifeboat involved
1875 November 26: call lifeboat crew together
1877 June 5: unable to pay lifeboat crew
1877 July 24: only two men volunteered
1878 June 18: lifeboat crew praised for rescue
1878 September 5: didn’t see necessity of risking lives of lifeboat crew
1879 June 7: relocating the lifeboat shed
1879 July 2: volunteers rushed for the lifeboat shed
1880 December 17: regatta, launching the lifeboat, subsequently, on its carriage, dragged it through the main street
1881 January 25: painting lifeboat.
1882 May 14: BLACK SUNDAY - wrecking of the Benvenue and City of Perth founding
1882 May 15: Before the lifeboat was launched, a surf-boat was manned and an attempt made
1882 May 15: lifeboat was well handled and behaved well
1882 May 17: Captain Mills elected to take the whaleboat
1882 May 17: lifeboat said to be in no fit state to be launched.
1882 May 23: lifeboat was in a perfectly efficient state.
1882 June 15: all necessary equipment, including lifebelts, scratch crew inefficiently got the lifeboat into a bad position.
1882 September 19: launched by its new crew. The Timaru Hearld continued to mention the lifeboat, boatshed, crew, or lodge up to at least 1912.

Locations of various lifeboat sheds:
c1863: North side of Cains boat shed, Strathallen St.
c1870: George St, opposite Cains landing service and Evans & Co grain store
c1880: South of Timaru Breakwater (removed in 1922)
c1897: Cement shed at old Government Land Service
c1900-1901: Shed from old cement shed materials, foreshore yard seaward side of the Board's offices
1932: to Caroline Bay

Some timeline items of the Alexandra Lifeboat and Its Operations

1862 (from ‘Early Timaru’ article 11 October 1920)
There was a lifeboat but it would not float

1863 (from ‘Early Timaru’ article 11 October 1920)
March 11: Letter states that a lifeboat and apparatus ordered from England are on the Huntress, which sailed for Timaru on the 16th December, due this month. Authority given to erect a shed for lifeboat, and carriage. Freight quoted at £24 16s 3d, for thirty-four packages attached.

June 24: Letter requesting lifeboat and apparatus housed at once. Government undecided about using Mr LeCren's boatshed and delay to erect shed to be avoided.
Jubilee History of South Canterbury" history differs from the original documents.

1864
August 27: Excavation for the Government Landing Service Building begins, including a boat shed and wool store.

1866
December 20: The schooner Prince Consort drags its anchor and becomes wrecked. The Alexandra lifeboat rescues 3 crew.
December 22: Reports commend the lifeboat crew's efficiency in the Prince Consort rescue despite challenging conditions. Lifeboat was not launched directly from its shed because piling and filling of the whole foreshore from the old landing place to the government shed needed repair.
December 24: Praise for Mr. Mills and the lifeboat crew for their rescue efforts of two crew, with calls for government support for lifeboat maintenance.
December 29: An enquiry into the Prince Consort wreck takes place.

1867
January 5: Discussions about the poor condition of the Timaru Landing Service and the need for maintained surf-boats. Lifeboat crew urged to practice launches when seas too rough for cargo work.
January 16: Forty or fifty men dragged the lifeboat from it’s shed some distance, given the bad state of the beach. Eager volunteers rushed forward to man the boat, but Mr Mills, the head boatman, very properly preferred taking his own crew. He took the steer oar, and Mr Morrison the tiller, and seven men manned the oars. The Alexandra went through the surf in splendid style, and in eight minutes reached the wreck and the unfortunate men were got off and ashore with little difficulty in a few minutes.

1869
January 12: Lifeboat service established by Captain Gibson. Terms of service debated.  Lifeboat crew demands payment for practices
May 26: Lifeboat capsizes during a rescue attempt or the crew of the schooner Twilight, leading to the death of boatman Duncan Cameron.
May 26: Attempt by lifeboat to reach the Twilight questioned. Mr Mills, the harbour master, thought fit to go but unfortunately, lifeboat was undermanned, and capsized in heavy surf surf soon after leaving the beach. Launching characterised extreme bad management and want of a master hand to direct was painfully evident. Without proper management, there was nothing but confusion and disorder. The commanding and working of a lifeboat should be reduced to a thoroughly organised system, and this cannot be obtained without a body of men are told off and practised frequently in the working of the boat. Until this is done, it is useless to expect the boat to be of any real service to the port, and there is no doubt it will not be worked by the crew with that confidence it otherwise would be.
May 26: When the Collingwood grounded, Harbor Master Mills, was severely burned about the face and right hand when rocket going off suddenly without time to get to a safe distance.
May 29: Opinion about taunts of cowardice, and threats of inquiry uttered against both Captain Mills and his crew if they did not launch the boat. Mob had broken into shed and vowed to man the lifeboat with inexperienced volunteers forcing Mills to consent. Crew needs to be appointed.
June 2: Inquest calls for a paid lifeboat crew. James Crawford testifies he was acting for Mr Mills having been injured by a rocket, was in charge of lifeboat and appointed crew.
June 5: Jury advises the necessity of a paid lifeboat crew. Harbour Master and Pilot Alexander Mills went down to the shed and took boat down to the new landing place.
August 7: Correspondence considers paying a lifeboat crew to maintain the boat/equipment and practice regularly after a capsizing incident.

1870
January 1: Official inquiry into a boating accident, with testimony from witnesses like the Harbour Master.
January 1: Establishment of a lifeboat service by the Provincial Chief Harbour Master.
January 8: Harbour Master Captain Gibson establishes lifeboat service terms.
January 12: Lifeboat crew demands payment for practice sessions to maintain proficiency.
February 26: Lifeboat crew resigns overpay issues.
April 27: A breach was made by the heavy sea on the street piling at the Strathallan end protecting the foreshore up to the Government landing shed. It was washed away immediately in front of the lifeboat shed and for a few feet on each side.
June 22: Report on the rescue efforts during the stranding of the schooner Aurora and names boatmen involved.
July 5: Letter to Board about damage to Government Landing Shed from heavy seas.
July 9: Lifeboat crew receives payment for recent rescue services.
November 19: payment for removal of lifeboat shed

1872
July 19: Lifeboat crew is on standby during a storm affecting the brig Princess Alice.

1873
January 13: Harbour Master tries unsuccessfully to right the capsized Princess Alice ship using the lifeboat.
September 12: Lifeboat involved in the beaching of the steamer Lady of the Lake.

1875
November 26: Harbourmaster signalled by gun for vessels to leave roadstead during increasing gale, and call lifeboat crew together.

1876
28 February and March 11: Reference to importance of landing service boatmen for crewing lifeboat.
April 1: No official provision made for saving ‘life’ except having a lifeboat kept in shed near landing services.

1877
May 8: Lifeboat Lodge No 101 reported during quarter, 68 more had joined the crew of the Lifeboat
June 5: Government will not meet expenses of the crew after 30th June and Harbor Board unable to pay lifeboat crew.
July 14: Committee appointed to form a lifeboat and rocket apparatus brigade.
July 16: Twenty-three good men wanted for Timaru Lifeboat and Rocket Brigade
July 24: Only two men volunteered for the Lifeboat, while the Rocket list was filled.
July 25: Editorial concerned about rates not attracting boatmen

1878
June 17: Heavy seas damage the Timaru Landing and Shipping Company, affecting lifeboat operations. Lifeboat hangs over edge.
June 18: Lifeboat crew praised for rescuing occupants of a capsized boat. Heavy rolling sea breached the back of the Timaru Landing Service stores and poured far over the railway lines depositing a great deal of shingle and debris. The lifeboat shed will be in some danger should matters not mend.
September 5: Captain Mills didn’t see necessity of risking lives of lifeboat crew to save live of the Glimpse crew that were holding ground. They stood a better chance if coming ashore with her.
September 6: Captain Mills giving testimony to the Melrose inquiry said he had no occasion to call for volunteers since the Government paying lifeboat crews. There was no paid crew here and he did not believe a lifeboat could have been forced out against such a sea that was running. Crew would have been easier saved should the Melrose have come closer to shore.
September 23: Present stone breastwork beyond the lifeboat shed if continued would either shut up two of the Landing Services, or make them shift elsewhere.

1879
• January 8: Proposal for new railway station threatens Timaru Landing and Shipping Company and George Street services. New sea wall will affect these services including the lifeboat shed.
• May 27: Railway test groins are right in front of the lifeboat shed, south of the Timaru Landing Service. Boat launch would be dangerous, if not impossible.
• June 6: Harbour works and work on lifeboat shed obstruct lifeboat launching, leading to discussions on alternative shed location and launch sites.
• June 7: Letter to the editor highlights difficulties in launching the lifeboat due to harbour works.
June 9:The current lifeboat location offers the best launch point and moving it as Mr Turnbull suggests to the Government Landing Service would be utterly impracticable on boatways or rocky shore. This disregards the lifeboat's good service in saving life and future potential.
June 10: By combining services, the lifeboat could have a place with a crew always ready.
June 24: Damage to Government Landing Service by heavy seas ways halts operations.
July 2: When a vessel was in distress near the Arowhenua river mouth, some forty or fifty persons rushed for the lifeboat shed, smashed open the door with axes, crowbars, etc., to launch the boat. Captain Mills, already on the way with the Rocket Brigade, persuaded the crowd a whaleboat would have to be launched to rescue them.
July 4: Raising the adjoining ground by the railways has made lifeboat shed operations quite impracticable and best site now is adjoining the Harbor Engineer's office, where on the beach, the lifeboat could be readily taken out.
July 25: Tenders invited for relocating the lifeboat shed to near Mr. Goodall's office for better launch access.
July 29: 13 tenders received for relocating the lifeboat and its shed and Mr. Robinson's tender accepted.
August 8 : Lifeboat shed removal effected by John Goodall

1880
June 15: Permission sought to place a small engine on the sea side of the railway, near the old lifeboat shed, for cutting firewood.
December 17: The Rocket Brigade entertained the public during the Timaru Regatta by launching the lifeboat, and subsequently, on its carriage, dragged it through the main street.

1881
January 7: lighthouse and other harbour buildings and the lifeboat bad not been painted for five years, and painting recommended.
January 25: Tenders called for painting the Harbourmaster's office, flagstaff, and lifeboat.

1882
May 15: Only lifeboat available had not been called into requisition since thirteen years ago, when she capsized and drowned one of her crew, Duncan Cameron. She was well handled and behaved well.
May 16-19: Reports on the wrecks of the Benvenue and City of Perth, including lifeboat involvement and the death of Captain Alexander Mills.
May 17: Obituary for Harbour Master Captain Alexander Mills who served 1866-1882.
May 17: Reports on recovery efforts and funeral for late Harbour Master Captain Mills after wrecks.
May 17: Lifeboat said to be in no fit state to be launched. Captain Sutter understood lifeboat to be disabled without buoys and lifepreservers
May 19: Details provided about persons involved in a boat accident. 
May 23: Harbour Board committee met previous day to enquire into the trust of remarks made by Captain Sutter and took evidence that the lifeboat was in a perfectly efficient state when launched. A regular crew was recommended.
June 13: Repairs to the lifeboat Alexander are completed.
June 15: Mr Collins tells inquiry all necessary equipment, including lifebelts was in lifeboat which was his preference for saving lives. She had a scratch crew as proficient crew were out in other boats. They inefficiently got the lifeboat into a bad position and no blame should be attributable to connected officials. Old crew was disbanded in June 1877 when Government subsidy was removed, and Harbour Board had no dues collected to maintain crew. J. Macintoch, crew of first lifeboat trip confirmed equipment was in boat and no one stopped to put lifebelts trusting their swimming. In the rush, lanyards were not fastened and why oars were lost when lifeboat upset. Board’s duty to subsidise a crew was recommended.
June 15: Account of lifeboat activities given by Captain Macdonald.
June 30: Lifeboat medals received from Dunedin under order of Free Masons in Timaru.
September 29: The Alexandra lifeboat is launched for the first time by its new crew.

1884
December 6: Lifeboat practice held with the Alexandra.

1892
APRIL 21: Lifeboat overhauled and now in good order. She should remain in the shed where she lies at present.

1897
Lifeboat to be housed in the cement shed.

1898
April 11: Tenders called for removal of Lifeboat shed

1900
September 26: Shed built of old materials recommended for the lifeboat in the new foreshore yard.

1901
January 22: Materials that formed the cement shed at the old Government landing service, now form parts of a roomy shed intended for the lifeboat. It is well away on the seaward side of the Board's offices.

1899
May 2: Philip J. Foster, a well-known lifeboatman and pilot in early Timaru, passes away. He had actively participated in surfboat rescues and became a successful sail and tentmaker.

1902
August 1: Lifeboat and crew in Coronation procession

1903
July 25: Lifeboat shed insured
Prepared by Geoff Cloake | Alexandra lifeboat usage | July 2024

1912
Lifeboat concert and display to be held

1922
June 22: Tenders closed for removal of the galvanised iron lifeboat shed. Levels County Council to re-erect it at their yard.
June 29: Caroline Dairy Company leases the Board’s old lifeboat shed for £lO per annum.

1932

Jubilee procession for the 1882 wrecks leave Alexandra Square to Caroline Bay, where the
recently painted lifeboat Alexandra, was formally handed over by the Harbour Board to the
Borough.

The Timaru Herald
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 22, 1866

The unfortunate catastrophe, the wreck of the Prince Consort, which we record today, leads us to inquire into the causes of the accident with a view that precautions should in future be taken to guard against a similar disaster. The main cause which led to the accident was undoubtedly the shifting of the ballast which rendered it quite impossible for the vessel to right itself when once thrown on her beam ends. She was also imprudently near the shore, but this of itself was of small moment. If the ballast had retained its proper position, with two anchors down, the vessel was perfectly able to ride out the gale. We come to this conclusion on the ground that some years since, there was a far heavier gale, and tenfold the amount of sea running than on last Thursday, and a small coaster was lying in the roadstead the whole time; if we remember right, she did not lose a stick, although exposed for something like eighteen hours to the fury of a gale that very seldom visits our port.

Since Timaru has been visited by shipping, now some ten or eleven years, this is the first accident that has occurred, and the like need not occur again if a little precaution was taken in stowing ballast on board small crafts. It has hitherto been the custom to ship for ballast the loose beach shingle which, if stowed, as is often the case, in bulk in the bottom of a vessel, is very likely to shift and thus cause the ship's destruction: and this is as likely to happen on the broad ocean as when lying at anchor. If it is absolutely necessary to carry the shingle ballast, it surely would not be a difficult matter to retain it in its right position, and thus secure a great additional safeguard. A warning like the present does good in the end, for it will make masters more careful as to the ballasting of their crafts, and may be the means of saving life and property, which otherwise might be sacrificed if the present system was continued.

We were glad to observe the expeditious manner the Alexandra lifeboat was taken out of the shed and put off to the rescue of the shipwrecked crew; but a little over a quarter of an hour elapsed from the vessel capsizing to the lifeboat being alongside the wreck. This time could have been shortened by one third if the lifeboat could have been launched directly from the shed into the water, but the ground in front of the shed is in such a broken state that it was impossible to take the boat over it. The piling and filling in of the whole foreshore from the old landing place to the Government shed is urgently required; the Government should lose no time in causing it to be done.

We must not omit to recognize the hearty efforts made by a number of volunteers in assisting to get the lifeboat into the water, and also of these few men who stepped forward to man the boat; but although their conduct was most manly and praiseworthy, the chief boatman did right in refusing their services, and taking with him his own tried crew. In fact, he could not have acted otherwise, as both he and his crew are specially engaged to man the lifeboat when needed. Last, though not least, we must call attention to one gallant fellow, Mr. Bertrand, who swam through the surf to the rescue of a fellow-creature. Such an action deserves special mention, for instances of manly courage are not nowadays, in this quiet part of the world, of such frequent occurrence as to afford to pass over them unnoticed. A Royal Humane Society's medal has been given for actions of less courage and daring than that displayed by Mr. Bertrand.

Yesterday afternoon a subscription list was opened in the town for the shipwrecked crew, and in the evening it had amounted to seventy guineas.

https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/THD18661222.2.7

The above photo of the foot of Strathallan Street, possibly shows the first lifeboat shed - Alexander Turnbull Library

Crowds assembled at the Benvenue Wreck Memorial, Timaru, for the 50th jubilee of the event in May 1932. The crowd appears to be being addressed by dignitaries from on the lifeboat 'Alexandra'. 
Handwritten on verso "14th May Jubilee 1932" - South Canterbury Museum

The lifeboat Alexandra taking part in the procession held for the Timaru Borough's diamond jubilee on 13 July 1928. Bears a note on the verso reading: "The old lifeboat, which is going to be given a prominent stand on Caroline Bay. Diamond Jubilee procession, July 13th 1928". The photograph appears to be taken on Sefton Street, with a portion of the Hydro Grand Hotel visible in the background.  -South Canterbury Museum

Bravery medal, silver Gift of Mrs Olive Baker, 1969 https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/113138

On 14 May 1882, the ships City of Perth and Benvenue foundered in Caroline Bay, Timaru. They were victims of ocean swell and choppy sea.
The Freemasons of St Johns Lodge awarded 42 medals for gallantry during the rescue on 3 July 1882 (this was a private award for bravery).
James Henneker, to whom this particular medal was awarded, made two trips in a surf boat during the storm to rescue men on the ships. Several of his ribs were broken and he lay 'in a precarious state at the Royal Hotel' afterwards (South Canterbury Times, 15 May 1882, p. 2).
The medal depicts a lifeboat on a rough sea, with the masonic emblem the Eye of Providence above. It was donated to the museum by the recipient's daughter in 1969.
The medal was originally issued as a medallion (without a suspension bar or ribbon), so this version was converted to wear.
The ships The Benvenue was wrecked, but the City of Perth was salvaged and returned to the United Kingdom for repairs. It was renamed the Turakina in 1882 by the New Zealand Shipping Co. Ltd.

 

Here is the grave of Captain Alexander Mills, the Timaru Harbour-Master for 16 years, who witnessed most of Timarus shipwrecks. He died from exposure from the Ben Venue disaster. He rests in peace here, with his wife Margaret, three infant children and two teenage children. Mills, Alexander James, 1833-1882. Row 9, plot 9, Timaru Cemetery. Photo Roselyn Fauth

 

 

 

 

 

ALEXANDRA LIFEBOAT, 1865.TIMARU HERALD, VOLUME CXXV, ISSUE 18008, 13 JULY 1928, PAGE 9 (SUPPLEMENT)
Using This Item: Stuff Ltd is the copyright owner for the Timaru Herald. You can reproduce in-copyright material from this newspaper for non-commercial use under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 New Zealand licence. This newspaper is not available for commercial use without the consent of Stuff Ltd. For advice on reproduction of out-of-copyright material from this newspaper, please refer to the Copyright guide.

"BENVENUE MEMORIAL. From the late ’sixties till the early ’eighties, Timaru had a bad reputation among shipowners because of the great number of wrecks which occurred in the roadstead. Timaru was not really worse than some other New Zealand open ports, but the people here heard more of the higher insurance of vessels coming here than the high rates for other places.

The losses wore probably in most cases due to the vessels anchoring too close to the beach in order to reduce the work of lightering. The reports of early visitors declared the holding ground to he exceedingly good. Of 28 losses, seven were stranding's, and out of the first 23, totaling under 3500 tons, only one was over 500 tons. Two of the later wrecks were the “City of Perth” and the “Benvenue,” but the former was eventually refloated. Just as the early progress of the town received severe set-backs as a result of disastrous fires, so the prestige of the port- was seriously imperiled by this succession of wrecks.

The most memorable and the most spectacular of them was the stranding of the “City of Perth” and the loss of the “Benvenue,” on the afternoon of Sunday, May 14, 1882. On that fateful afternoon the then harbor master, throe members of the crew of the “City of Perth.” and five residents of Timaru lost their lives. The story of the light made by the boat crows to save the lives of the men on the ships is well-known to the older generation. The younger generation have oft-times heard it repeated, and they have before them as a constant reminder of the noble self-sacrifice made by the nine men on that Sunday afternoon the memorial situated at the junction of Perth and Sophia, Streets, almost opposite the “Herald" office. Greater love hath no man than this, That he lay down his life for his friends.

It was at midnight on Saturday, May 13, 1882, that the sea began to make, and it rapidly increased in force. The vessels-in port at the time were the Norwegian Braque “0. F. Fundi,” which was lying at the ballast ground- two miles out. the two Home boats, “City of Perth,” and “Benvenue,” in the inner harbor, and the schooners, “Kate McGregor” and “Julius Vogel” inside the breakwater.

The tide was then almost at the full, and as it. ebbed it increased in violence. At 8.30 on the Sunday morning, the “Benvenue” parted one of her cables, and she then flew a signal of distress. Two hours later came the signal “drifting,” and in' the early part of the afternoon the “Benvenue” crew left the vessel and made for the “City of Perth.” The doomed ship struck within fifty yards of the beach, gradually canting broadside on to the sea, by which she was soon lifted high and dry. The “Benvenue” was-an iron ship of 919 tons. register, and at the time of the disaster had a cargo of between 400 and 500 tons of coal. She subsequently became a total wreck, and the cliffs in the vicinity of the wreck were named Benvenue.

Hardly had the “Benvenue” struck when it was noticed that the “City of Perth” was adrift, and that she was asking for medical assistance. Four boats were soon seen leaving the vessel for the breakwater, one of these being from the “Benvenue.” The boats leached safety, when it was ascertained that the first- officer of “The City of Perth” had broken his leg in two places in- endeavoring to clear the cables. His injuries subsequently proved fatal.

The “City of Perth” hung to a single hawser for about half an hour, but then gradually drifted towards the bench, stern foremost, bringing up against the “Benvenue,” her stern touching the hitler.

It was while the vessel hung at the single hawser that, a series of disasters took place, disasters which made the day memorable on account of its misfortunes. While the vessel was straining at the hawser, the Harbour-Master at Timaru, Captain Alexander Mills, remarked that the vessel had been deserted, and lie got together a crew with the object of saving the ship.

The members of the crew were Captain Mills, Robert Collins, Martin Beach, John Reid, Emanuel Neilson, and Charles Moore. Captain McDonald, of the “City of Perth,” who was on shore at the time, evidently considered it his duty to go out to the vessel, and he did so, accompanied by Robert Gardiner, Philip Bradley, Michael Thompson, Isaac Bradley, William McLaren, and Walter Standlve. A third party, consisting of sailors of the “City of Perth,” also set off, and nil reached the vessel in safety.

Later the three boats made to return, and the foremost two had practically gained the shelter of the mole, when the third, containing the members of the ship's crew, turning too soon, came broadside on and was swamped.

The leading boats turned hack, and -had almost reached their objective, when they also wore 'overturned. 'The -spectators on shore were horror-stricken, hut they speedily launched the nhl life-boat, which had not been used since 18(J9. The crew consisted of La,, Bradley, A. J. Mclntosh, Andrew

Slniab, John Isherwood, J. Houlihan, Patrick Mc-Ateer, David Watson, and Thomas Martin. Splendidly handled, the life-boats reached the struggling men, and some of them were hauled on board. Caught by a huge wave, the boat was overturned, but she righted herself, and the men scrambled back. A second time she capsized, and yet a third. Bravely the crew persevered, however, until all were picked up none could be found, and then began the slow and anxious return to the shore. Fortune now held to the men, however, and eventually they reached safety.

 

 

Before the life-boat was launched, a surf-boat had been manned and an attempt made to reach the swamped boats, and three men from the latter were rescued. The surf-boat was manned by George Falgar, It. Wilson, William Oxby, J. Passmore, T. Hart, J. Croeomb, J. Thompson, W. Halford, W. Walls, T. Morgan, and W. Budd.

The surf-boat proved unwieldy in the heavy sea, and the members had to be rescued by a fresh volunteer crew in the life-boat.

This crew comprised G. Findlay, C. Grulnn, G. Sunnaway,- J. Cracknall, H. McDonald, J. Henicker, A. Turnbull, J. Ivey, and G. Shirtclifle. Before all the men were got out of the surfboat, it capsized, and one of its crew, George Falgar, was drowned. The life-boat came ashore, and returned with a fresh crew consisting of

F. McKenzie, J.' Le Roy, G. Sunnaway, W. M. Walls, H. Trusse'ot, C. Vogeler, and A. Blaylock. All the men, remaining on the surf-boat were rescued.

The saddest part of the story remains, and that is to record the names of the men who lost their, lives. They were Captain A. Mills, who .died an hour after reaching safety, Robert Gardiner, second mate of the “City of Berth,” Donald McLean, carpenter to that vessel, William McLaren, boat man, of Timaru, and Emanuel Nelson, Martin Beach, Harry McDonald, and George Falgar, boatmen', of 'Timaru. John Blacklock. first mate of the “City of Perth,” died of injuries.

It was to the memory of these men, and to those who gladly encountered the peril of death, that the monument was erected.

Timaru Herald. 13 July 1928

Page 9 (Supplement).

https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/.../timar.../1928/07/13/25

 

Port History

• Timaru Harbour is located deep in the bight extending from the Waitaki River on the south to Banks' Peninsula on the north.
• Protected from southerly seas by reefs projecting from Patiti Point.
• Known and used by the Maoris as a halting place on the long harbourless eastern coast, long before the arrival of white settlers.
• Warlike Maoris from Dunedin and the south rested there before continuing their canoe journey northwards to battle enemies in the North Island.
• Between 1852 and 1857, shipping wool and landing supplies at Timaru was done with whaleboats, with no convenient beaching and landing facilities.
• Loading and unloading even small vessels was slow, tedious, and often dangerous, but essential for settlers to trade wool and obtain supplies.
• In 1857, Messrs H. J. LeCren and Cain opened a store and started a landing and shipping service using small surf-boats hauled up on the beach by a capstan.
• The landing place was the site of the present Harbour Board's service.
• In 1865, shipping facilities improved with the erection of boat sheds (now owned by the Harbour Board) and the introduction of a steam engine for hauling boats.
• The steam engine was initially considered extravagant due to the cost of coal, leading to recommendations for a return to manual labour.
• Two additional boating services were later started at the foot of George Street.
• Before protective works, wrecks were common at Timaru, often without loss of life.
• The Rocket Brigade frequently provided rescue services.
• A coasting steamer was once washed up between the present railway station and Club Hotel but was successfully refloated.
• In 1882, the "City of Perth" and "Benvenue" broke from their moorings, with the "Benvenue" being completely wrecked but the "City of Perth" refloated.
• Heroic rescue efforts during these wrecks led to the erection of a monument near the Post Office.
• During the wrecks, Captain Mills and other crewmen attempted rescues, resulting in capsized boats and several fatalities, including Captain Mills.
• The local lifeboat made three trips and rescued many, despite capsizing multiple times.
• The Timaru Harbour Board was established under the Timaru Harbour Board Act of 1876 and began operations in 1877.
• Steps were taken to construct an artificial harbour, with Mr. John Goodall's design for a concrete breakwater being adopted and modified.
• The first contract for a 300-foot mole was let to Messrs Allan and Stumbles in 1878.
• The concrete breakwater, completed in December 1887, is 30 feet wide and 2278 feet long, costing £219,518.
• On the northeast side, the harbour is enclosed by a 2400-foot rubble wall.
• The enclosed space is fifty acres, with total construction costs reaching £281,000.
• A rubble mole was authorized to extend the harbour, with a proposed length of 3000 feet; 1800 feet had been formed by July 1903, costing £82,000 by the end of 1902.
• Wharfage has been extended, and a powerful suction dredge is maintained for deepening the harbour.
• The registered tonnage of shipping entering the port increased from 58,402 tons in 1883 to 283,425 in 1902.
• Cargo handled increased from 62,492 tons in 1883 to 124,497 tons in 1902.
• Principal imports include general merchandise, timber, and coal; chief exports are breadstuffs, potatoes, frozen mutton, grain, and wool.
• The port's ordinary revenue from dues increased from £6356 in 1883 to £19,809 in 1902.
• The Harbour Board consists of members representing various districts and includes positions such as Secretary and Treasurer, Resident Engineer, and Harbourmaster.
• Mr. William Evans has been the Chairman of the Timaru Harbour Board since 1899 and is also the proprietor of Atlas Roller Flour Mills.
• Mr. George Lyall, J.P., a member of the Harbour Board, is also the general manager of the Pareora estate and involved in several local organizations.
• Mr. John Manchester represents the Makikihi riding on the Harbour Board and was previously the Mayor of Waimate.
• Mr. Alexander Campbell Pringle, J.P., a member of the Harbour Board, has been involved since 1893 and is active in numerous local societies and councils.
• Mr. David Clarkson Turnbull has been a member of the Harbour Board since 1900 and founded the firm D. O. Turnbull and Co.
• Mr. William Julian Bardsley, Secretary and Treasurer of the Harbour Board, has been in the position since the end of 1902.
• Mr. Albert Ernest Austin, A.M.I.C.E., is the Resident Engineer of the Harbour Board, having a background in railway surveys and harbour construction.
• Captain Thomas Nicolson Clarkson has been the Harbourmaster at Timaru since 1886.
• Mr. Peter Sinclair, foreman blacksmith at the Harbour Board's engineering works, has been in Timaru since 1870 and involved in various local organizations.

Summarised from https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc03Cycl-t1-body1-d7-d1-d4.html

 

 

Alice Solace, Rebecca Jackson, Sharleyne Diamond and and friends enjoy the new Playground Center Cyclops swing  - Photo Supplied

How the Illustrated London News saw rowing lifeboats in action. heartheboatsing.com/for-those-in-peril-on-the-sea/

 

The South Canterbury Museum has an exhibit that includes the Benvenue Bell and medals, the rocket brigade lifesaving launch and the canon that summoned the rocket brigade. Photograpy courtesy of Roselyn Fauth with permission from South Canterbury Musuem.

To summon help a signal gun was fired. Usually a warning was sounded first. Followed by a second firing of the signal gun to summon the rocket brigade.
The day before the Ben Venue disaster, all through the night Captain Mills, the Harbourmaster, kept constant watch on the ships riding in the roadstead. Daylight revealed these "ships riding heavily", so he fired the signal gun, at 8am to summon the rocket brigade. Straight away the brigade assembled. There were huge rollers, for several miles out, "were breaking foam". That sea was one of the heaviest known on the Timaru coastline for many a day. By 1pm the Benvenue was drifting. As a measure of precaution, the rocket brigade hastened to the cliffs at Dashing Rocks, in order to make ready to rescue the crew of the Benvenue with the aid of lifelines.. A boat was lowered from the ship, the crew clambered into the boat and made for the City of Perth. 

This gunnade is believed to have been delivered to Timaru for the use of the Brigade in 1882. Positioned outside the Timaru lighthouse, it probably saw little use. The gun is through to ave remained there for many years. Eventually it passed to the local collector, Keith McFadgen, who had the present gun carriage made to rest the cannon upon. - On display at the South Canterbury Musuem - Photography by Roselyn Fauth

Carl George Vogeler wore this leather armband as a member of the Timaru Volunteer Rocket Brigade. It consists of an oval patch, painted on the front with a white background, a red border, and a blue anchor with a brown rope. Above the anchor are the letters ‘T.V.R.B’ in blue with red highlights. A brown leather strap with a buckle is sewn across the back of the patch. Handwritten on the back in black is ‘Timaru Volunteer Rocket Brigade – C. G. Vogeler – 1882. nzmuseums.co.nz/collections/3359/objects/86233/armband

Timaru Rocket Brigade

In 1877, Harbourmaster Captain Arthur Mills was instructed by the Harbour Board to dismiss his lifeboat crew due to lack of funds. While Mills complied, he inquired of the Board on whom he should rely for assistance in operating the rocket apparatus, a life-saving device for ships in distress, now that his previous aids had been laid off. In response, the Board called for volunteers to form a rocket brigade.

Within a few months, the new volunteer brigade held its first meeting. Less than three weeks later, it proved itself by saving the entire crew of the 'Craig Ellachie.' The Brigade went on to assist numerous other ships in distress before it was disbanded in 1887, by which time the completion of the harbour breakwater and the purchase of a tug had left little need for its services.

In 1878, the Harbour Board purchased ‘badges’ for Brigade members. This armband is probably one of them. Carl George Vogeler, the owner of this example, participated in the events of Black Sunday, 14 May 1882, when the 'Benvenue' and 'City of Perth' were shipwrecked and a total of nine lives lost. Although the rockets were not needed, brigade members, including Vogeler, assisted by manning the lifeboat.

Vogeler was born in London, England in 1860 and taken to New Zealand by his parents in 1861. The family settled in Kaiapoi. In 1875 Vogeler joined the Post and Telegraph Department and for six years moved from town to town as assignments changed. He then quit and became accountant to Priest and Holdgate, ironmongers, of Timaru. He remained in their employ until his death in 1953.

Vogeler was active not only in the Brigade, but also in the Timaru Naval Artillery, Methodist church community, several lodges, the local YMCA, and the Timaru Main School Committee.

Here you can see the passenger landing service sheds with signal station on the cliff above at Timaru - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections 1691-114 

Government landing terrace at Timaru, 1860s. Shows buildings by the waterfront. Photographer unidentified. - https://tiaki.natlib.govt.nz/#details=ecatalogue.366331

The Blackett Lighthouse was originally on the Terrace, No. 7. It was later relocated to the corner of Te Weka Street and Benvenue Ave, and then again to the Benvenue Cliffs. It is a Category II structure and the Historic Places Trust.  LEFT: The Lighthouse at its current site in 2021. Courtesy of Roselyn Fauth. RIGHT: Timaru's lighthouse being relocated 1980.  Courtesy of South Canterbury Museum 2014/107.73

The lighthouse has been at it's current location since 2010. It includes part of the land described as Pt Opukuorakaitauheke Maori Reserve 884 (Railway NZ Gazette 1874, p282). Blackett’s lighthouse stands on a coastal / railway reserve above the Benvenue Cliffs and close to the eastern terminus of Benvenue Avenue in the suburb of Maori Hill.  This is near the reserve: Te Upoko o Rakitauheke Native Reserve 884. "11 Te Weka Street, Maori Hill, Timaru." 
"This 20-acre reserve situated at Timaru was set aside as part of the Canterbury Purchase 1848. Ownership of the reserve was not confirmed until 1868 when the Native Land Court determined that ownership resided with 66 people. In 1870 a Crown Grant (7845) was issued to Tamati Tarawhata and nine others as trustees. In 1874, a portion of the reserve was acquired by the Crown as a Railway Reserve. In 1886 the Native Land Court, investigated the title under the provisions of the Native Equitable Owners Act 1886, to determine all those who held a beneficial right to the reserve. In 1914, the reserve was subdivided into 66 township sections. In 1926, the land was sold to the Timaru Borough Council to cover unpaid rates and was declared a Public Reserve in 1930. It is currently the site of the Caroline Bay Trust Aoraki Centre." - kahurumanu.co.nz/atlas

In 1926, the land was taken by the Timaru Borough Council due to unpaid rates (see DP 9031 – for conveyance to Council). The land was then declared a Public Reserve (NZ Gazette, 1930, 378).  -https://mapviewer.canterburymaps.govt.nz/?webmap=0db87348adef4595a91994a3dc85cefe

John Blackett was a government marine engineer who worked on railways as and lighthouses. He designed the new Timaru lighthouse in 1877. It was a three-story, kauri timber lighthouse with a kerosene lamp. It was lit in July 1878 with Captain Meredith as the first lighthouse-keeper, just as work was about to begin on the initial breakwater.

The original plan was to construct a concrete light house at Patiti Point, but the government only offered to pay for the construction of a wooden lighthouse. As the towns ammunition supply (including over a hundred pounds of gun powder) was stored at Patiti Point, it was decided a wooden lighthouse with a kerosene lit lamp was safer further up the coastline. It was replaced by gas in 1890 and then electricity in 1920. It was eventually decommissioned in 1970 as the main harbour navigation light. The light house was shifted from the Terrace to Te Weka St and then to the current site above the Benvenue Cliffs.

Blackett himself was opposed to the new port. He declared the Timaru breakwater work a complete fiasco. Shingle was one of the main issues as it built up on the southern side of the structure. He could see the changes to the long shore drift and coastal erosion and said the breakwater needed to be blown up to save the railway. Some of the locals protested by parading an effigy of him down the main street to the end of the breakwater, stuffing it with fireworks and blowing it up leaving fragments scattered over the bay.

Blackett’s Lighthouse is historically significant as a prominent reminder of the role that shipping and coastal transport has played in the social and economic development of New Zealand.

Before the breakwater had been constructed Captain Woolcombe recorded that over 10 year period from 1858, 14 feet (4.2m) of cliff had dropped into the sea.

Learn more about Blackett's Lighthouse at Pt Opukuorakaitauheke Maori Reserve 884 (Railway NZ Gazette 1874, p282), Canterbury Land District here: heritage.org.nz/2044

DOWNLOAD The WuHooTimaru Colourful facts sheet on the Blackett Lighthouse

A set of the original plans for construction of the Timaru lighthouse hand drawn by John Blackett circa 1877. Courtesy South Canterbury Museum 2004/070.37

John Blackett was keen to construct inexpensive and easy-to-build lighthouses in New Zealand. The lighthouse features an innovative double wall filled with rubble. This allowed cheap, easy-to-handle wood to be used while achieving the weight to ensure towers were well founded in exposed positions.

Section of the HMS Ringarooma cruiser in Timaru Harbour where you can see the Blackett Lighthouse up on Le Cren Terrace 1895-02-23 - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZG-18950223-0180-01

Detail from the original plans for construction of the Timaru lighthouse hand drawn by John Blackett circa 1877. Courtesy South Canterbury Museum 2004/070.37

Keepers weren’t just there to tend to the lens only. They also had to maintain other buildings around the light station and keep things running smoothly. Courtesy RG26: ZZ, Standard Apparatus Plans; Vol. 19, Plate 98. Light Keeper’s Implements, 1862.

Lighthouse Panels to Inspire Imaginative Play Designed by Graphic Artist and CPlay volunteer Roselyn Fauth, inspired by Lighthouse impliments and Blackett's Lighthouse Plans.

A art history sign features Blackett story by the lighthouse. Michael Armstrong (1954). Blackett on the Breakwater, 2019. Acrylic on canvas. Friends of the Aigantighe Collection, Aigantighe Art Gallery, 2019.24.1

Known as the ‘cemetery of ships’, Timaru historically provided ‘no safe harbour’. The construction of a breakwater, using large concrete blocks, began in 1878 to address the problem. Known as the ‘cemetery of ships’, Timaru historically provided ‘no safe harbour’. The construction of a breakwater, using large concrete blocks, began in 1878 to address the problem. John Blackett, an engineer and lighthouse designer for the Public Works Department, wrote a progress report for the government on the new breakwater. The findings of the report recommended dismantling the breakwater, because it supposedly caused erosion to a railway viaduct in Caroline Bay. (These predictions were later found to be correct and accelerated erosion to the north affecting the local lagoons).Blackett’s report was very unpopular at the time and a public protest ensued. A mob of hundreds marched down Stafford Street with an effigy of Blackett, which they blew up at the end of the breakwater on June 2, 1880.In this painting, seated in the lower left, is Blackett with the wreck of Fairy Queen - a 214-ton brig that broke its mooring in a southeast gale, caught fire and beached on August 27, 1873. Blakett’s effigy is on the right, exploding on the breakwater, next to a reference to Anderson’s crane employed to lift the 30-ton concrete blocks used in the breakwater.

1880 Rport written by John Blackett (NZ Colonial Marine Engineer) as ti the damaged caused by building a breatwater at Timaru, and the further danamge that may accrue therefrom - paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1880-I.2.1.6.2

https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1880-I.2.1.6.2

To accompany Mr J.H. Lowe's report of January 5th 1880. Plan illustrating Sir John. Coode's Report on TIMARU HARBOUR paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/appendix-to-the-journals-of-the-house-of-representatives/1880/I/1045

Brass Rubbing plate for Blackett Lighthouse in Timaru

The world on Mercators Projection. This dispatch atlas was printed in the Weekly Dispatch London 1863 and was created by Weller, Edward, 1819-1884. From the David Rumsey collection

And a close up of New Zealand on this Atlas.

1861 Shows coastline from headland to the south, with trees and houses up from the water's edge. Hills and mountains are in the background by Barton, Cranleigh Harper, 1890-1975 - Shows coastline from headland to the south, with trees and houses up from the water's edge. Hills and mountains are in the background.

View of Timaru Harbour 1877. View looking north along the waterfront, with sailing ships, men beaching a boat, and a large building, probably Belford Steam Flour Mill near the waterfront, alongside other wharf or factory buildings. From a sketch books held by Hocken Library. By Fanny Wright Brunton  - https://tiaki.natlib.govt.nz/#details=ecatalogue.59362 

C1877 The Roadstead, Timaru, N.Z. Engraving of Timaru from the original edition of the Illustrated Australian News.Courtesy of Fauth Private Collection.

Illustrated Australian News (Melbourne, Vic. : 1876 - 1889) Wed 3 Oct 1877. Page 155 TIMARU, CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND..

At the time it was reported that the town contains nearly '3000 inhabitants, and the district between 13,000 and 14,000. There is railway communication with Christchurch, and southwards to Dunedin.

"The grazing capabilities of the district are very great, and the export of wool is about 15,000 bales. The soil and climate are admirably, adapted for wheat and other cereals, and the last harvest yielded more than 1,500,000 bushels of wheat and oats alone. The trade of the district requires greater facilities for shipping produce than are afforded by an open roadstead, and harbor works for tho improvement of the port have been in progress for some time past. The rapid advance made by the town and district in commeroial matters may be understood from the fact that in 185S one whaleboat was sufficient to carry all the wood produced off to the vessels anchored in ' the roadstead and land the requisite supplies, while now a large number of surfboats, carrying from twenty to thirty tons each, are profitably employed in the trade. Our illustration shows the coast line, the roadstead, and a portion of the town viewed from the south." - trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60096457/5730320#

The Norman McLeod is being towed out in Timaru Harbour - 1895-02-23 - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZG-18950223-0180-01

Wise's N. Z. directory plan of Timaru 1870-1879 shows a proposed Jetty at the foot of Strathallan Street - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections Map 6537a

A map of the works to be carried out in Timaru Harbour 1886 - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections Map 3837

Timaru, circa 1883, Dunedin, by Burton Brothers. Te Papa (C.014380)

 Timaru, 1800s, Dunedin, by Burton Brothers. Purchased 1999 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (O.034093)

Close up of a boat - Timaru, 1800s, Dunedin, by Burton Brothers. Purchased 1999 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (O.034093)

Looking across bay to the Alps, two sailing ships sketched in 1880 - A-180-018: [Lysaght, Mary Grace Caroline] 1850-1935 :From Timaru, of Mount Peel, Mount Somers & Mount Hutt [ca 1880] - Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand

 Ship Lyttelton off Timaru 1883. Oil on Canvas by Laurence Wilson. Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, gift of Mrs A Scott, 1946

Engraving showing the Timaru Breakwater 1888. Picturesque atlas of Australasia"; The Picturesque Atlas Publishing Co.

Breakwater, Timaru 1885. Albumen print by Walter Burton, Alfred Burton. Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, purchased 1976

Shipping at Timaru, New Zealand in the 1880's. From a volume titled 'New Zealand Owned Shipping Lines and Early Shipping Views'. This section comprises New Zealand Owned Shipping Lines. New Zealand Early Shipping Views. This image is from the A.D. Edwardes Collection of about 8,000 photographs, mostly of sailing ships from around the world, taken between about 1865 and 1920. Mounted in 91 albums, the photographs are arranged by country of ownership, with some special volumes such as 'Shipping at Port Adelaide' and 'South Australian outports'. Additional information, giving the history of the ships where known, has been provided by maritime historian, Ron Parsons.

 https://collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/resource/PRG+1373/42/45 

Page of coloured chromolithographs showing New Zealand landscape scenes, prepared as greeting cards and presented in a sample album by Archibald Dudingston Willis (Firm) :Lyttelton Harbour, N.Z. The Kaikouras (Marlborough). Mount Egmont, N.Z. (from the plains). Timaru breakwater, N.Z. [ca 1885]  Ref: E-936-f-024. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/30112552

New Zealand and clost up 1890 map shows the Port of Timaru. Feature topography; railways, streets, bridges, drainage, docks and soundings, with depths given in meters. Bookplate title pasted to verso: Pl. XI. Nouvelle-Zélande, Timaru. Appears in Sixième livraison. 14306154-DavidRumseyMap Collection-David Rumsey Map Center-Stanford Libraries

New Zealand Post Office directory map of the town of Timaru and suburbs, compiled by Smith and Boys shows the Breakwater loading warf, Warf No2, Lighthouse and the Baths. - 1887 - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections Map 6621

Sketches and plans entitled "Timaru breakwater and harbour", showing the construction of the breakwater begun in 1878 and completed in November 1886. Produced to celebrate the completion of the project. Image courtesy of the South Canterbury Museum CN 2010/153.01.

The proposal to build a new port at Timaru was surprisingly contentious and hotly debated. Opponents thought that because Christchurch’s port at Lyttelton was soon to be linked to Timaru by rail, a local harbour was unnecessary. But the scheme went ahead, as advocates believed that without its own harbour, the town would decline.

The breakwater design by engineer John Goodall was adopted and work started on the redevelopment of the artificial port in 1877. The first

The sixty-ton ketch Prince Rupert was the first to moore at the stump of a breakwater. Two days after the contract was completed, a public ceremony was held to celebrate. They ate dinner and fired rockets.

Sand washed south down the shoreline and began to build up against the northern mole, covering the rocky beach. This was the beginning of the extensive land reclamation around the Caroline Bay district, an area which is still growing today.

Work began in 1878 with the construction of the 700m southern breakwater. In the late 1880s, the northern breakwater was built to keep sand shoals out of the harbour. Between 1899 and 1906 the eastern extension of the main breakwater was completed, preventing shingle drifting north into the harbour. During the 20th century the breakwaters were extended, realigned and raised.

Timaru Breakwater. From the album: Scenes of New Zealand, circa 1880, Timaru, by Messrs F. Bradley & Co. Te Papa (O.042435)

The breakwater, Timaru, photographed ca 1910-1913 by William Ferrier - natlib.govt.nz/263897

Timaru breakwater photographed by William Ferrier circa 1896-1899. - natlib.govt.nz/85664

Timaru Harbour & Breakwater, circa 1904, Canterbury, by Muir & Moodie. Purchased 1943. Te Papa (PA.000203)

Harbour Improvements At The Capital Of South Canterbury.  Auckland Weekly News, 2 March 1911, p.14. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections AWNS-19110302-14-01 https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/id/193668/rec/51

Timaru, by Muir & Moodie. Te Papa (C.014801)

Timaru Harbour from Melville Hill, 1904-1915, Timaru, by Muir & Moodie studio. Courtesy of Te Papa. Purchased 1998 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. (PS.001046)

Timaru, New Zealand, 1912, Timaru, by Muir & Moodie. Purchased 1998 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (PS.001029)

View of the Port from the sky in 2014. Photograph by Geoff Cloake.

Port construction continues in 1964. LEFT Loading rock at the Quarry on Kellands Hill for the North Mole extension at Timaru Port. The loads from Kellands Hill went Pages Rd, SelwynSt, White St onto Evans St then down to the bay and across the sand. RIGHT: Kellands Quarry Rock being tipped on to the North Mole at Timaru Port 1964. Photograph by George Kinch

Harbour Board Quarry, Timaru, New Zealand, by Muir & Moodie. Te Papa (C.014398)

Railway carts on display at the Pleasant Point Museum. These were used to move rock from the quarries to the harbour. Photo by Roselyn Fauth 2022 

William Gibb (1859-1931) Timaru Harbour, 1888, Oil on canvas, Aigantighe Art Gallery Collection 2002.10 

William Gibb was born at Innellan, Scotland and immigrated to Christchurch in 1876. He received his art training from his father, John Gibb (1831-1909), and then studied at the National Gallery School in Melbourne from 1877 to 1879. He returned to Christchurch in 1882 and painted portraiture and landscapes. In Timaru Harbour, Gibb has painted a snapshot of the shipping industry and the newly built wharves. Previously, ships anchored offshore and used smaller boats to transport their cargo ashore. But by the late 1860s, it was decided that this was restricting Timaru’s growth. In the 1870s and 1880s large concrete southern and northern breakwaters were constructed to shelter the area that would become the harbour. In 1880 the first wharf was built, followed by a second wharf in 1886. Gibb has captured this scene of commerce with The Bruce (the central ship with a red and black funnel) and The Taniwha (the small dredge moving out of the port) and other sailing ships contrasted against the backdrop of a purple sky and the swelling of seemingly electric blue ocean.

William Ferrier (1855-1922), Breakwater Timaru Running a Southerly Gale, 1888, Oil on canvas, Aigantighe Art Gallery Collection 2002.10

William Ferrier was born in Edinburgh, Scotland and immigrated to New Zealand in 1869. He trained as a photographer in Christchurch and Oamaru, and in 1881, set up his own studio in Timaru. Ferrier was the grandfather of the well-known New Zealand painter, Colin McCahon (1919-87), who was born in Timaru. Ferrier is known for his success in documenting a vital part of Timaru’s history on photographic film, but he was also a painter. His landscape paintings were exhibited with the South Canterbury Art Society, of which he was a founding member. He was also a member of the Otago Art Society and Canterbury Society of Arts. Breakwater Timaru Running a Southerly Gale was produced from one of Ferrier’s photographs (see reproduced above). This seascape, with its crashing waves and stormy skies shows the power of nature, and was a popular theme Ferrier returned to in both photography and painting.

People bathing at the beach in Timaru with the port in the background photograph by William Ferrier 1894-01-06 from the The New Zealand Graphic and Ladies Journal - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZG-18940106-0001-02

A Popular Southern Seaside Resort. Auckland Weekly News, 1 April 1909, p.6. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections AWNS-19090401-06-01  kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/id/199340/rec/46

Aerial photograph of Timaru, South beach looking north, Timaru Port, 1940-1949 - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZMS-1803-01123

Showing crowd along Marine Parade, Caroline Bay, Timaru. P.W.Hutton and Co. Timaru - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections 35-R1498

1904 A scewne on the moody wharf, Timaru, showing the lighthouse and signal station on the top of the hill. Auckland Weekly News, 7 July 1904, p.2. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections AWNS-19040707-02-04
- kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/id/183795/rec/27

Rusell Clark's oil painting on board from 1930 view from marine parade looking to the Bay Hill with Chalmers Church and the Hydro Grand buildings in the distance.  Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, gift of the Friends of the Auckland Art Gallery, with funds from the J B Spring Bequest, 1998

Poster, 'A Map of New Zealand', 1931, United Kingdom, by MacDonald Gill, Dobson, Molle and Co. Ltd., H.M. Stationery Office, Empire Marketing Board. Found in collection, 2012. Te Papa (GH021717)

It's amazing to see how quickly the sand has built out at Caroline Bay since the breakwater at the Port was constructed in the 1880s. Before that, the sea lapped up to the bottom of the cliffs.
This is pretty close to the Tearooms and where the new playground is being constructed, except look how close the sea was to the cliffs back 129 years ago!
In this 1894 photo by William Ferrier, you can see bathing carts on Timaru's new Caroline Bay. People used carts moved by horses to get changed inside. And at one point they even backed into the sea, so ladies could keep their modesty while bathing. Interesting to see who has taken advantage of the advertising opportunity and sign written the carts.

Photo was Published In The New Zealand Graphic and Ladies Journal, 6 January 1894, p.1
Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZG-18940106-0001-02

This detailed etching from 1923 shows a familiar view looking out over Caroline Bay. To the left is the Bay Hall built in 1914 which is still recognisable today. The cannon in the foreground was one of two cannons from the Crimean War (1853-56) that once stood either side of the Caroline Bay Sound Shell. In 1941 both cannons were melted down as scrap metal to be reused in World War II. A.J. RAE (1885-1971) Caroline Bay (1923). Etching on paper. Courtesy of Aigantighe Art Gallery.

The construction of the Port also changed the coastline, growing the stony South Beach and Evans Bay and forming the new sandy Caroline Bay.

The borough council leased the new foreshore from the harbour board in 1902 and created a European-style beach resort. Tea rooms, a hot-water swimming pool and a band rotunda were built. A ‘sound shell’ for concerts replaced the rotunda in 1937. Later, a piazza was built to improve access to the bay from the top of Bay Hill. Christmas carnivals have been held at Caroline Bay since 1911, attracting thousands.

This is is the only sandy beach between Oamaru and Banks Peninsula. In 2020, the area the beach extends is 34 hectares.

Left: The Esplanade, Caroline Bay, Timaru, circa 1900, Melbourne, by George Rose. Purchased 1999 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (O.022112)

Right: Caroline Bay, Timaru, New Zealand, circa 1900, Melbourne, by George Rose. Purchased 1991. Te Papa (O.004821)

Caroline Bay, Timaru, 1900s, Dunedin, by Muir & Moodie. Te Papa (C.014386) 

1910 - Scene at Caroline Bay, Timaru, near the beach with [bowling green ?] Photograph taken by an unidentified photographer employed or contracted by 'The Press' newspaper of Christchurch. Tiaki IRN: 692896. Tiaki Reference Number: 1/1-008906-G692896. Tiaki Reference Number: 1/1-008906-G

Caroline Bay and Express Train, Timaru, 1912, Timaru, by Muir & Moodie studio. Image purchased 1998 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (PS.001034)

Beach at Timaru, Timaru, by Burton Brothers studio. Te Papa (O.019251)

 Caroline Bay, Timaru, 1920s, Timaru, by Havelock Williams. Image purchased 1999 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (O.020793)

1936 - Shows a woman in a bathing costume leaping across in front of a background scene of Caroline Bay beach, Timaru. The beach is crowded with swimmers and sunbathers. In the right distance some ships are docked at the port. New Zealand Railways. Publicity Branch: Timaru by the sea / Railways Studios [1936-1937]. Tiaki IRN: 377328. Tiaki Reference Number: Eph-E-TOURISM-1937-01377328. Tiaki Reference Number: Eph-E-TOURISM-1937-01

Timaruvian, Nature's Gift to Timaru: Story of Caroline Bay (1950s?). Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 23/06/2023, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/363

The view of the Caroline Bay coastline in 1874. This is a section of a watercolour painting by Sir Eliot Whately (1841-1927). Depicts Caroline Bay, Timaru in October 1874. nla.gov.au/nla.obj-138581877

While tides and currents gradually change and shape our coastlines, the intervention of man-made structures also plays a significant role in accelerating coastal evolution and erosion.

The construction of the port and breakwater interrupted the northward flow of sediment along the Timaru coastline. Gravel was trapped south of the port and sand was pushed into Caroline Bay, causing the land in these areas to grow out towards the sea. To the north, beaches from Waitarakao to the Opihi River were conversely starved of sediment, resulting in an increase in erosion at the cost of land, coastal lagoon area and biodiversity.

Timaru Port provided a huge boost to the economy and resulted in the formation of Timaru’s iconic Caroline Bay beach by re-directing the flow of sand into what was previously an open bay with coarse gravel beach.

However, as Blackett predicted, the port development interrupted the flow of gravel along the coast resulting in a rapid increase in erosion to the north of Timaru. The increased erosion has had many negative impacts on the land and the environment, particularly affecting biodiversity and the once plentiful mahinga kai areas used by Māori.

J. S. Browning, (1831 – 1909), Timaru Looking North West, 1860, file copy print, Hocken Collections, Uare Taoka o Hākena, University of Otago.

Sketch of Caroline Bay, Timaru By E. Norman - Copied from original held in South Canterbury Historical Museum, Timaru, 1870

Next time you are at Dashing Rocks compare this painting with the view today. Note the changes to the coastline. This is a section of a watercolour painting by Sir Eliot Whately (1841-1927). Depicts Dashing Rocks bay looking out to Waitarakao Washdyke Lagoon, Timaru in October 1874, commencement of ninety miles beach. Courtesy National Library of Australia nla.gov.au/nla.obj-138582273

90 Mile Beach, Timaru, New Zealand, by Burton Brothers. Te Papa (C.014424)

Timaru Harbour, Province of Canterbury : general chart of Timaru and adjoining coast by Sir John Coode showing works recommended by Sir John Coode, August 1875. (from Patiti Point to Washdyke Lagoon). The proposed works are shown by red colour. timdc.pastperfectonline.com/DCEC5B88-61FE-4949-80EC-525377755260

In this map you can see the Caroline Bay in 1911. Miscellaneous Plans - Borough of Timaru, South Canterbury, 1911 - T.N. Brodrick, Chief Surveyor Canterbury  ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/IE31423732

In 1929, the 400m long Memorial Wall was built with Bronze plaques feature the battlefield names where kiwis served in international wars. This was also the sea wall at the time.

In 2008 the sandy bay was more than 400 m northeast of the memorial wall and the sand will continue to build out until it finds an equilibrium.

In comparison the coast further north is starved of sediment, where for example Waitarakao Washdyke Lagoon in 1881 was 253 hectares, but now is about 20. This was one of 15 fishing easements set aside in 1868 by the Native Land Court in to allow Ngāi Tahu to continue the practice of mahinga kai. For the longest time it had the perfect mix of saltwater and freshwater, allowing a diverse range of native species to thrive there. Now a combination of the port, industrial area, SH1 and railway prevent the lagoon from expanding, while the sea pushes the gravel barrier ever inland.

Aerial view of Timaru, showing Caroline Bay, harbour and town by Frank Douglas Mill - 1927-1937 - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections FDM-0690-G

View from above, the Waimātaitai lagoon has drained and been reclaimed as Ashbury Park with an athletics track. Sand is accumulating in Caroline Bay and tennis courts, grass prominade and caretakers house are established.

ABOVE Arial view looking down to Caroline Bay and the Port of Timaru 2019  mapviewer.canterburymaps.govt.nz

LEFT The brown lines show the changes to the mean sea level since 1926. Graphic courtesy Roselyn Fauth 2019 with assistance from the South Canterbury Museum. RIGHT One of the mean tide markers along the North to South promenade at Caroline Bay.  Photograph courtesy Roselyn Fauth 2019

Aerial view of Timaru coastline with harbour in background, approaching from the north. 1927-1937. - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections FDM-0099-G

Credit is to Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections FDM-0690-G, F. Douglas Mill Collection.

1982 - Caroline Bay arial photo taken 1982 - Retrolens-Linz-Survey Number: SN8032

 

1999 - Caroline Bay arial photo taken 1982 - Retrolens-Linz-Survey Number: SN12543

1912-01-03 - Caroline Bay Timaru - one of the finest and most popular watering places in the South Island. The New Zealand Graphic and Ladies Journal, 3 January 1912, p.32. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZG-19120103-0032-02. https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/id/148072/rec/222   View on Papers Past: https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/new-zealand-graphic/1912/01/03 

1911-10-11 - Photo of children playing on the beach and swimming at Timaru. The New Zealand Graphic and Ladies Journal, 11 October 1911, p.30. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections NZG-19111011-0030-02. https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/id/147415/rec/216

Caroline Bay. Timaru. P.W.Hutton and Co. Timaru. No.1. Looking south along Caroline Bay, Timaru. Showing (above bay, centre) the Dominion Hotel -Stafford Street North (John Reilly - proprietor), to the right of this is the gabled Hydro Grand Hotel. Below the hotel can be seen the Piazza. Beneath this (at beach level) are the bathing sheds. At right is the Pavillion, and far right the tennis courts. - Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections 35-R1501

Council Had to Be Pushed Into Developing Foreshore: Pioneers of Bay Association Recall Struggles of 1880s (17 Jan 1962). Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 23/06/2023, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/361

Section of the original photo of a man standing at Caroline Bay, Timaru, circa 1900,. Taken from the railway embankment, the band routunda, tea rooms and caretakers house and showing a portion of the harbour. Melbourne, by George Rose. Purchased 1991. Te Papa (O.004821)

Children's playground area on Caroline Bay in Timaru, circa 1970. Photographer L W McGrath. Image courtesy of South Canterbury Museum 2014/008.055

Caroline Bay has come a long way from its beginnings as a rocky shoreline to being declared "The Riviera of the South".  Since the early 1900s Caroline Bay has continued to evolve, with Christmas carnivals, the addition of the iconic Soundshell in 1937 and the Piazza upgrades giving the area a link to the urban CBD in a totally unique NZ setting. No wonder the area has often been referred to as the “jewel in the crown” of the district. 

More recently in 2009 a $4.5 million revamp got under way. The Timaru District Council owns and maintains the area, and they included a boardwalk, 50-square metre viewing platform, outdoor showers, changing rooms and toilets and sand dunes in their upgrades.  The dunes are some of the most diverse in the country and studied by university students. Little Blue Penguins have now also established a colony in and around the bay.

After a long a varied history, Caroline Bay is ready for its next chapter. One area that lags behind is the playground, which is why we are excited to launch the new plans for CPlay.

A slide showing the children's playground area on Caroline Bay in Timaru, circa 1980. Photographer L W McGrath, Courtesy of South Canterbury Museum 2014/008.033

Helen Freeman (left) and Win Loach look to the The Piazza and Hydro Grand Hotel in Timaru 1997.  Courtesy of South Canterbury Museum 2014/126.03

The Bay has had many waves of redevelopment. In 2009 a $4.5 million revamp got under way. Above is a Caroline Bay Development Plan Proposal, supplied by the Timaru District Council.

Bill Steans, Timaru District Director of Parks and Recreation, sitting on play equipment at Timaru's Caroline Bay, 1995. Timaru Herald Photographer Anne Hatch. Courtesy of  South Canterbury Museum  2012/186.9372

Caroline Bay Playground 2020. Courtesy of Roselyn Fauth. 

"Tentative plans for a new children’s playground, containing some radical new ideas, in the south end of Caroline Bay have been ade by a special Caroline Bay Association sub-committee." New Look Playground for Caroline Bay (18 Oct 1973). Aoraki Heritage Collection, accessed 23/06/2023, https://aorakiheritage.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/332

Members of the CPlay committee and TDC Council met to discuss and workshop the playground upgrade design brief in 2020. Photograph curtosey Roselyn Fauth

In 2019 volunteers came together to start the rejuvenation of the playground. This project is an exciting opportunity to help our community connect through play. A strong guiding principal of the design brief is to make sure it is a space that everyone of all abilities can use. It also offers a unique way to share Timaru's story and to celebrate our environment, heritage, arts and culture.

Why a new playground? Caroline Bay is the most popular outdoor events and recreation area in South Canterbury but its current playground is simply not meeting community needs in our quickly ever changing world.  The plastic bridge, tower, slide centrepiece in the playground were introduced in 1985 and other equipment has been added on an ad hoc basis since. These are now starting to deteriorate and need replacing.

In 2017, after numerous visits to Margaret Mahy playground in Christchurch, Owen Jackson "OJ" investigated the opportunity to develop an inclusive all ages playspace that celebrated the heritage of the area and would become a destination attraction for local and domestic tourism. 

By 2019, the Playground Upgrade Project had been set up , committee members recruited and a strategic plan put in place to investigate what needed to be done in order to create and deliver a $1.5-$2 million playground where the community could come to learn, play, relax and connect.

Operating under the umbrella of the Aoraki Foundation for fundraising purposes, CPlay has a close relationship with the Timaru District Council and has liaised with them at every level of the project, including discussion and action around improving the drainage in the playground area and funding support to get the project officially underway.

CPlay has engaged in a thorough consultation process with the public and a range of community, education, public facilities, charities, disability services and cultural groups. We have found widespread support to develop a playground that incorporates the rich heritage of our region and its people.

After a rigorous submission process, we engaged the services of Playground Centre New Zealand to present plans for us. These have been based on a design brief given to them by CPlay in collaboration with local John Rushton Architects.

These initial designs will be available to be viewed at the official fundraising launch over 2 days, March 7th at Children's Day at Caroline Bay for the public and on March 8th at Movie Max Digital for invited guests.

The new playground has clear and far reaching positive outcomes for the Timaru District and it is expected the fundraising drive will receive strong community and business support.

Public Art Gallery, Aigantighe Art Gallery, handed out free art packs to inspire the community to use their mdf wooden tiles to celebrate and remember the playground.
600 Aigantighe Tiles were created by local families. CPlay now needs to reproduced onto signage material and instal on the inside walls of the 3rd and 4th floors of the lighthouse slide tower.
People will be able to see their creations. Preserve and invoke childhood memories. We can mitigate graffiti inside the lighthouse.

Play at the Bay from over a century

From finding kai, whaling and shipping to recreating, Caroline Bay has served many generations in many ways. We're excited about the next chapter in the Bay's story, helping this area to be enjoyed by all of our locals and visitors for many generations to come. This playground is going to be transformed in something really special. The design has been inspired by stories of this coastline, to help inspire locals and visitors to act out imaginative play, reflect on our past and to make great decisions for our future.

• 2 million years ago lava flowed like fingers down to what is now the sea and formed habitiat for marine life.
• 10,000 to 9,000 years ago, a fine silt called loess blew over South Canterbury and formed our clay cliffs.
• Here is a summary timeline of key events and periods related to moas, moa-hunters, and Maoris in South Canterbury, based on the chapter you provided:
  
  Pre-950 AD: Giant moa birds flourish in South Canterbury, grazing on the open plains and downlands. Possible land bridges allow moas to reach New Zealand from the north over a long period of time
• C 950 AD: Earliest Polynesians (Moa-hunters) arrive in New Zealand from the Society Islands, find moas still surviving on South Island east coast
• C 1100-1300: Moa-hunters spread down South Island pursuing moa flocks, establish coastal camps like Patiti Point in South Canterbury. Transport moa carcasses from Mackenzie Country along rivers like Waitaki
• C 1350: Arrival of main fleet of Polynesian migrants to NZ, giving rise to Maori tribes
  Polynesian ancestors of Māori settled New Zealand about 200 years before Columbus's Atlantic voyage
  Evidence suggests deliberate navigation, guided by celestial and natural phenomena
  Navigation methods included memory, song, star compasses, stick charts
  Māori developed oral cartography, using place names and oral traditions
• C 1500: Ngatimamoe tribe invades and establishes control of South Island east coast
• C 1600: Ngaitahu tribe invades from North Island, defeats Ngatimamoe, takes control of South Island

• 1642:  December 18, 1642: Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri encounter Abel Tasman's ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen near South Island. Māori challenge intruders with shell trumpet; Dutch reply. Gifts exchanged but misunderstanding leads to conflict; four Dutchmen die. Tasman names the place Murderers Bay

• 1769: James Cook lands near present-day Gisborne. Initial misunderstanding leads to conflict; Māori leader Te Maro killed. Tahitian mediator Tupaia aids communication between Europeans and Māori. Tupaia's role crucial in diplomacy and cultural exchange. Despite efforts, further clashes occur along the coast. Tupaia's mediation crucial in easing tensions and facilitating cultural exchange.

• 1770: Captain Cook visits New Zealand, makes first European observations of Maoris Early meetings between peoples - Encounters | NZHistory, New Zealand history online map that was originally drawn in chalk on the floor by two maori cheifs in Norfolk islands, they were kidnapped and taken on board the ship Daedalus: Reproduced Map of New Zealand - Tuki Tahua and Ngahuruhuru, at Norfolk Island. · ourheritage.ac.nz

• 1840s: European influences already apparent amongst South Canterbury Maoris by time first overland explorers arrive. Maori population small, living in settlements like Te Waiateruati and Arowhenua
• 1848: Kemp land purchase of South Island, some reserves set aside for Maoris. 
• 1870s-1900s: Ngaitahu tribe presses compensation claims against government over land purchases. Main native settlements consolidate at Arowhenua and Morven, others fade away
• The historical information provided stems from the diligent efforts of Oliver A. Gillespie, who was commissioned by a committee to compile the history of South Canterbury. Despite not being a native of the region, Gillespie's extensive background equipped him well for the task. His experiences ranged from serving in the New Zealand Rifle Brigade during World War I, where he was awarded the Military Medal and later attained the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, to his post-war career in journalism and public relations. Gillespie conducted thorough research, drawing from early records, personal papers, and diaries, alongside visits to South Canterbury to gather firsthand knowledge. While constraints on time and space prevented exhaustive coverage of all aspects of settlement history, Gillespie's work aimed to capture the essence of the region's past. The committee overseeing the project expressed gratitude to contributors of photographs and illustrations, as well as to institutions like the Canterbury Museum and individuals who assisted in various capacities. Ultimately, the hope was that Gillespie's historical account would not only serve as a valuable record but also inspire present and future generations with insights into South Canterbury's rich heritage. Source: archive.org/gillespie-1958/Gillespie-1958_djvu

This next section is from the same book and outlines Timaru's whaling era

1839:

• George and Edward Weller initiate significant land transactions in Canterbury, acquiring vast tracts of land, including the coastal area between the Rangitata and Waitaki Rivers.
• The deed of feoffment dated 20th October 1839 outlines the purchase of approximately one million acres from Tekaiho Harbour to Waikakai River in Banks Peninsula.
• Tuhawaiki, also known as "Bloody Jack," a prominent Maori chief, plays a pivotal role in land negotiations and whaling operations, contributing to the region's history.
• Maori chiefs Golok (Koroko or Korako) and Tyroa (Taiaroa) are instrumental in land transactions, signifying a significant shift in land ownership dynamics.

1840:

• French captain Langlois secures an additional 90 miles of coastline towards Otago, previously claimed by the Wellers, amid the backdrop of French settlement in Akaroa.
• Tuhawaiki continues his involvement in land transactions and maritime activities but drowns off the coast south of Timaru.
• Tyroa (Taiaroa), a Maori chief involved in land sales, accompanies Mantell through South Canterbury, ferrying him and his party across the Waitaki, showcasing ongoing Maori-European interactions.

1842:

• A French whaler reportedly wrecks on Long Beach, Timaru, resulting in the loss of all crew members and a substantial quantity of oil cargo.
• Maori chiefs Golok (Koroko or Korako) and Tyroa (Taiaroa) maintain their roles in land dealings, contributing to the evolving landscape of land ownership in Canterbury and Otago.

1843:

• Commissioners Godfrey and Richmond deliberate the Wellers' land claims in October but withhold granting them due to the brothers' absence and insufficient supporting evidence.
• French colonization efforts in Akaroa prompt conflicts over land ownership and negotiations between European settlers and Maori chiefs.

1844:

• Tuhawaiki's untimely demise through drowning off the coast south of Timaru marks a significant event in regional history, leaving behind a complex legacy.
• Maori chiefs Golok (Koroko or Korako) and Tyroa (Taiaroa) continue their involvement in land transactions and interactions with European settlers, shaping the socio-political landscape of the region.

1840s:

• European influences already apparent amongst South Canterbury Maoris by time the first overland explorers arrive. Maori population small, living in settlements like Te Waiateruati and Arowhenua.

1848:

• Kemp land purchase of South Island, some reserves set aside for Maoris.

1870s-1900s:

• Ngaitahu tribe presses compensation claims against the government over land purchases. Main native settlements consolidate at Arowhenua and Morven, while others fade away.

This section is about the first Europeans who went overland. Between 1839 and 1849, European exploration in South Canterbury, saw expeditions by William Brown Domett Shortland, Bishop George Augustus Selwyn, Rev. Charles Creed, W. B. D. Mantell, and Charles Obins Torlesse. These journeys, often aided by Maori guides, contributed to understanding the region's geography, resources, and native inhabitants. They faced challenges navigating rugged terrain, relied on coastal routes and native support, and documented interactions with Maori communities. Their expeditions laid the groundwork for future settlement and economic activities in the area. Source: archive.org/gillespie-1958/Gillespie-1958_djvu

 1836: William Barnard Rhodes visits Port Cooper (Lyttelton Harbour) while commanding the Australian, a whaling vessel.

1839: Cooper, Holt and Rhodes purchase the barque Eleanor and bring the first cattle to Banks Peninsula.

1843: William Barnard Rhodes establishes himself in Wellington, trading as W. B. Rhodes and Company.

1844:

• January 13: Bishop Selwyn enters South Canterbury, crosses the Rangitata near the mouth.
• January 15: Bishop Selwyn reaches Waiateruati, holds a morning service, and registers names of inhabitants.
• January 15: Shortland baptises the grandchild of Te Rehe at Dashing Rocks.
• January 17: Bishop Selwyn crosses the Waihao River.
• January 17: Shortland meets Bishop Selwyn, estimates distances with him.
• January 17: Bishop Selwyn follows along the beach, crosses the Waihao River.
• Late 1844: W. Heaphy undertakes an overland journey from Otago to Nelson, reaching the Deans homestead in February 1845.

1845:

• October 1845: Rev. Charles Creed passes through South Canterbury, baptising and marrying Maoris at various settlements.
• October 11: Creed reaches Waiateruati, stays for three days, baptising and marrying Maoris.
• October 17: Creed and assistants reach Timaru.
• October 17-20: Creed travels around Timaru, Makikihi, and Waitaki, baptising and marrying Maoris at each settlement.
• October 20: Creed leaves Timaru, heading towards Otago.

1848:

• October 1848: W. B. D. Mantell appointed as a commissioner to settle native affairs in the South Island, surveys Maori reserves on his journey south to Otago.
• October 5: Mantell reaches Waiateruati, stays for some days, takes census of inhabitants.
• October 6: Mantell sets apart reserves for native residents at Waiateruati.
• October 17-20: Mantell spends time in and around Timaru, setting aside reserves and investigating land.
• October 20: Mantell continues journey south, crosses the Waitaki River.

1849:

• March 12: Torlesse reaches the Waihao River, his southern limit.
• March 14: Torlesse climbs a high hill beyond Albury, obtains a good view of the surrounding country and sees the Manahuna Pass.
• Samuel Williams, a whaler previously employed at Timaru, provides information to Charles Obins Torlesse before Torlesse's exploring trip to the south in search of coal.
• April: Torlesse returns to Akaroa, writes a report for Captain Joseph Thomas containing valuable information about forests, pastures, and geographical features.
• 1850: October - George Rhodes is ploughing at Kaituna, one of the peninsula properties.
• 1850 - 1851: The Rhodes brothers, possibly accompanied by Samuel Williams, explore and take up land in South Canterbury, eventually establishing the Levels run.
• 1851: June - The Levels run in South Canterbury is stocked with 5,000 sheep. A letter dated 30 June confirms the occupation of the run by W., R., and G. Rhodes.
• 1853: October - A letter to Sir George Grey protests against the reduction in the size of the Levels run, stating that the Rhodes brothers established a sheep and cattle station at Timaru in 1851.
• Colonel James Campbell, Commissioner of Crown Lands outside the Canterbury Block, causes confusion and litigation by reducing the size of occupied runs and delaying the issuance of licenses.

• 1851 George Rhodes used our headland to land stores and materials. 1852-1857 shipping wool and landing supplies was done with whaleboats, slow and tedious and oftentimes dangerous.
• 1852 30 ton schooner Henry brought a consignment of stores for Levels Station – flour, salt, tobacom Agnes nad Anna took away 11 bales of Levels wool.
• 1857 Captain Henry Cain opened the first store (on behalf of HJ LeCren) and the first landing service.
• 1857 Lieutenant (later Captain) Belfield Woollcombe arrived in 1857 and was the first magistrate and lived in a house in Waimātaitai Lagoon called The Ashbury with his wife, son and five daughters. He had been a naval officer and later joined the harbour board.
• 1858 First Landing Service Opens
• 1859 120 settlers arrived on the Strathallan directly from the United Kingdom. By 1866 the population was around 1000.
• 1860 Morris Corey, Robert Boubius first to be buried in Timaru cemetery - Deal Boatmen who drowned on a sea rescue.
• 1864 Alexandra life boat arrives to be used when the surf would be too heavy for ordinary boats to venture off. self-right - when full of water the boat self-ejects in 15 seconds. Many of the crew were boatmen and were paid. The boat was ordered by Canterbury Provincial Secretary. She was used on "Black Sunday", 14 May 1882, when the "City of Perth" and the "Benvenue" were wrecked. During the rescue attempts the Alexandra capsized four times and nine lives were lost. Previous to this she hadn't been used for thirteen years.
• 1866 Captain Alexander Mills (1866-1882) harbour master for 16 years. The job included the role of lighthouse keeper and pilot. Over this time there were 28 Shipwrecks while he was in charge. was frequently overruled by members of the Harbour Board who had associated commercial interest when he tried to tell them not to moore to shore too close.
  The lifeboat was named the Alexandra on a public holiday held to mark the wedding of the Prince of Whales and Princess Alexandra.
• 1867 Volunteer Timaru Rocket Brigade established about 1867, when a supply of rockets arrived from England
• 1868 control of the beach passed to the Timaru Gladstone Board of Works so harbour works could be undertaken.
• 1869 one of the lifeboat crew Duncan Cameron drowned when the boat capsized.
• 1875 construction of a groin of concrete block is built and is a failure.
• 1877 Timaru Harbour Board formed under the Timaru Harbour Board Act, 1876
• 1873 three vessels, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Wanderer, and the Fairy Queen, were all stranded in Caroline Bay.
• 1873 the rocket brigade had saved all volunteers, saved 51 lives. They used two rocket guns to fire cables to ships in distress and enabled crews to be hauled to shore.
• 1860s Plans Stars for Artificial Harbour - J.M. Goodall, engineer, for the Harbour Board - solid mole near the foot of Strathallan Street. “The Timaru Breakwater is, next to the Lyttleton tunnel, the boldest work that has been undertaken in New Zealand”
• 1871 First Sod Turned for Temuka to Timaru Railway
• 1878 Blacketts Lighthouse is built on Le Crens Terrace, with Captain Meredith as the first lighthouse-keeper, just as work was about to begin on the initial breakwater. The light house was shifted from the Terrace to Te Weka St and then to the current site above the Benvenue Cliffs.
  John Blackett (1818-93) was appointed Marine Engineer by the NZ Government in 1870 and then Engineer -in-chief of NZ in 1884. There were 24 lighthouse across NZ, 14 were timber. 9 of the original buildings remain and 5 re still operational. It was lit by Kerosine in 1878. The navigation light was replaced with gas in 1890 and then electric light in 1920. And decommissioned in 1970.
• 1878 Work Began to Construct Southern breakwater
• 1880 - Blackett declares the Timaru breakwater work a complete fiasco. natlib.govt.nz And recommends blowing it up to save the railway line as there was erosion at whales creek. Shingle was one of the main issues as it built up on the southern side of the structure. He could see the changes to the long shore drift and coastal erosion and said the breakwater needed to be blown up to save the railway. Some of the locals protested by parading an effigy of him down the main street to the end of the breakwater, stuffing it with fireworks and blowing it up leaving fragments scattered over the bay on June 6 1880. Blacketts main interest is building railways. Locals had suggested that the railway should be further in land because they had seen considerable erosion over 20 odd years. He was warned his railway in Timaru was in the wrong place. Blackett blamed it on the harbour works and wrote a report to Government. It was ridiculed and proved wrong. It opened a few controversial discussions.
• 1881 The construction of the railway and the accumulation of shingle and two George Street Landing services closed down.
• 1882 the worst ship wreck year was when 4 ships were wrecked and 1 refloated.
• City of Cashmere wrecked, Mills was blamed for not making enough effort to save the ship. 11 days before the Benvenue disaster he was reappointed to his former position.
  • On 14 May, 5 ships were lying in anchor.
  • Just a year after the first breakwater was completed.
  • Nine lives were lost when the Ben Venue (carrying coal) and the City of Perth (carrying 6000 sacks of grain valued at 10,000 pounds) both ran aground in heavy sea swells. All the ships’ cargo was lost in the disaster too, drastically damaging the local industry. The City of Perth was carrying over 5000 sacks of wheat, while the Ben Venue had over 500 tons of coal onboard.
    Four of the boatmen drowned, Neilson, Beach, MCDonald and Falgar.
    Captain Mills manned a landing service whale boat with a volunteer crew to reach city of Perth.
    Three boats were drifting and crew were struggling in the raging seas. Orders were given to use a life boat which had not been used for 13 years since 1869.
    Mills died an hour after being lifted from the lifeboat from exposure.
  • After the event ships anchored 1.5 miles from the shore
  • A few days later Mills had been accused of cowardice by the harbour board and dismissed him and advertised his position. The townsfolk wrote many letters and articles in the Timaru Herald with praise to Mills.
• 1883 Timaru had one wharf 880 feet long. 5 years later the moody wharf was built in 1908, and a wharf for fishermen was built 1911.
• 1885 The lifeboat crew continued to train and disbanded 1885.
• 1882 Signal Gun arrives for use for the brigade.
• 1884 the harbour works was a success
• 1900 William Evans persuaded the rate payers to consent to a loan of 100,000 pounds to what is now known as the Eastern extension. This was to combat the shingle that was filling the shipping channel. It was completed in 1915 432,207 tons of blue stone was quarried from Centennial Park.
• 1902 Bay first formed after creation of port breakwaters. The motion of the waves turned the shingle to sand. The area was decided to be created into a “European style beach resort” from 1902. From 1911 the annual Christmas carnivals began.